Table 2

Clinical, Psychological, and Behavioral Characteristics at Baseline and 6 Months of Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Who Agreed to Become Peer Supporters (Agreed Trainees) And Patients Who Refused (Refused Trainees) After Attending The Training Program

Agreed Trainees (n = 33)Refused Trainees (n = 26)Between Groups P Valuea
BaselineMonth 6BaselineMonth 6
Demographics and lifestyle
Age, y, mean ± SD55.6 ± 11.553.8 ± 14.8
Male (%)3520
High school or above (%)20.612.5
Disease duration, y, mean ± SD11.3 ± 6.712.6 ± 6.4
Non-smoker (%)93.892.9
Clinical characteristics125.1
HbA1c, mean ± SD7.0 ±27.0 ± 0.67.1 ± 0.47.1 ± 0.5.38
Fasting plasma glucose, mg/dL135 ± 41117 ± 31b140 ± 61137 ± 43.04
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg, mean ± SD125 ± 12.3123 ± 10. 7127 ± 14.4125 ± 19.9.17
Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg, mean ± SD72 ± 9.573 ± 9.969 ± 6.272 ± 12.4.27
Total cholesterol, mg/dL, mean ± SD174 ± 35155 ± 50b182 ± 35170 ± 39.81
Triglyceride, mg/dL, mean (IQR)124 (97–160)142 (97–186)124 (53–160)124 (53–142).16
HDL-cholesterol, mg/dL, mean (IQR)50 (42–58)46 (38–54)58 (46–66)58 (6–77).41
LDL-cholesterol, mg/dL, mean ± SD97 ± 3189 ± 35b104 ± 22100 ± 23.69
Questionnaires
DES mean score, mean ± SD4.18 ± 0.354.13 ± 0.274.02 ± 0.353.97 ± 0.15.20
GHQ total score, mean ± SD43.5 ± 3.8c43 ± 3.8246.2 ± 4.244.3 ± 2.76.45
DASS total score, mean (IQR)4 (2–9)3 (0–8)6 (3–14)3.5 (1.8–11.8).67
PHQ total score, mean (IQR)2 (1–3)0 (0–2)b2 (0–4)2 (1–3).33
EQ-5D index, mean (IQR)1 (0.80–1)1 (0.82–1)1 (0.80–1)0.80 (0.15–1).009
EQ-5D VAS, mean ± SD84.6 ± 7.7c88.1 ± 8.974.5 ± 14.276.1 ± 15.2.95
SDSCA
General diet, mean ± SD4.59 ± 1.625.76 ± 0.95b4.11 ± 2.015.3 ± 2.11.52
Special diet,d mean ± SD4.62 ± 1.285.78 ± 1.30b4.39 ± 1.395.17 ± 1.28.39
Exercise, mean ± SD4.48 ± 1.954.76 ± 2.063.68 ± 2.284.4 ± 2.12.56
Glucose monitoring, mean ± SD2.82 ± 1.943.17 ± 1.893.23 ± 2.472.5 ± 1.78.63
Foot care, mean ± SD4.85 ± 1.825.79 ± 1.45b4.33 ± 1.875.4 ± 1.43.09
Medication adherence, mean ± SD6.79 ± 1.116.54 ± 1.56.45 ± 1.487 ± 0.85.31

  • ↵a Between-group comparison of change from baseline to month 6.

  • ↵b P <.05 within-group comparison.

  • ↵c P <.05 between-group comparison at baseline.

  • ↵d Special diet: fruit/vegetable and high-fat food consumption.

  • Note: These are the score ranges for assessment tools:

    DES: 20-item Diabetes Empowerment Scale, range 20–100; higher score means better self-efficacy.

    GHQ: 12-item General Health Questionnaire, range 0–36; higher score means poorer psychological health.

    DASS: 21-item Depression Anxiety Stress Scale, range 0–63; higher score means more depression, anxiety and stress.

    PHQ: 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire, range 0–27; higher score means more depression.

    EQ-5D index score: 5-item Euroqol; UK traffic was used; range -0.594 to 1; higher score means better health-related quality of life.

    EQ-5D VAS: Visual Analogue Scale of EQ-5D, range 0–100; higher score means better self-rated health status.

    SDSCA: (14-item Summary of Diabetes Self Care Assessment, range: 0–98; higher score means better self-care.