Table 2

Association Between Duration of Incident Opioid Use and New-Onset Depression, Unweighted and Weighted by Inverse Probability Duration Exposure

VariableVHA PatientsBSWH PatientsHFHS Patients
Model 1a HR (95% CI)Model 2b HR (95% CI)Model 3c HR (95% CI)Model 1a HR (95% CI)Model 2b HR (95% CI)Model 3c HR (95% CI)Model 1a HR (95% CI)Model 2b HR (95% CI)Model 3c HR (95% CI)
Opioid duration
 1 to 30 d1.00 [Reference]1.00 [Reference]1.00 [Reference]1.00 [Reference]1.00 [Reference]1.00 [Reference]1.00 [Reference]1.00 [Reference]1.00 [Reference]
 31 to 90 d1.23 (1.16–1.31)1.20 (1.13–1.28)1.18 (1.10–1.25)1.22 (0.97–1.52)1.31 (1.05–1.65)1.29 (1.03–1.62)1.39 (1.22–1.59)1.33 (1.16–1.52)1.33 (1.16–1.52)
 >90 d1.31 (1.22–1.40)1.39 (1.30–1.48)1.35 (1.26–1.44)2.26 (1.63–3.14)2.04 (1.38–3.02)1.88 (1.27–2.78)1.90 (1.62–2.24)2.19 (1.87–2.56)2.05 (1.75–2.40)
Arthritis……1.18 (1.12–1.25)……1.35 (1.17–1.56)……1.36 (1.22–1.51)
Back pain……1.48 (1.41–1.56)……1.43 (1.27–1.61)……1.43 (1.31–1.57)
Headache……1.59 (1.52–1.67)……1.95 (1.73–2.20)……1.52 (1.41–1.65)
Musculoskeletal pain……1.32 (1.26–1.39)……0.76 (0.66–0.88)……1.24 (1.11–1.38)
Neuropathy……1.12 (1.07–1.17)……1.41 (1.21–1.63)……1.32 (1.20–1.44)
Pain score……1.24 (1.22–1.26)………………

  • BSWH = Baylor Scott & White Health; HFHS = Henry Ford Health System; HR = hazard ratio; VHA = Veterans Health Administration.

  • ↵a Unweighted data.

  • ↵b Weighted data.

  • ↵c Weighted data plus pain.