Characteristics Associated With Incident Depressive Symptoms in Chinese Primary Care Patients (Fixed Effects)
| Characteristic | Incidence Rate Ratio (95% CI) |
|---|---|
| Patient factors (2,540 patients) | |
| Female (vs male) | 1.58a (1.05–2.37) |
| Age, in years | 0.99 (0.97–1.01) |
| Non-Chinese (vs Chinese) | 0.67 (0.09–5.17) |
| All other marital statuses (vs married) | 1.45 (0.89–2.37) |
| Lower income, ≤HK$30,000 (vs middle or higher income, >HK$30,000) | 1.56a (1.10–2.21) |
| No formal or only primary education (vs secondary or tertiary education) | 1.24 (0.81–1.88) |
| Employment status (vs employed) | |
| Unemployed | 0.84 (0.18–3.85) |
| Retired | 1.24 (0.79–1.94) |
| Homemaker | 0.70 (0.41–1.20) |
| Student | 1.54 (0.50–4.80) |
| Smoker (vs nonsmoker) | 1.73a (1.04–2.88) |
| Drinker (vs nondrinker) | 1.22 (0.79–1.90) |
| No exercise (vs exercise) | 1.08 (0.80–1.45) |
| Comorbidities (vs 0) | |
| 1 | 1.16 (0.64–2.10) |
| ≥2 | 1.92a (1.18–3.13) |
| Family history of mental illness (vs none) | 2.02a (1.35–3.04) |
| Visits to a western physician in past 4 weeks (vs 0) | |
| 1–2 | 0.79 (0.51–1.23) |
| ≥3 | 1.90a (1.18–3.07) |
| Visits to a traditional Chinese medicine practitioner in past 4 weeks, any (vs none) | 1.04 (0.53–2.01) |
| District of residence (vs Hong Kong) | |
| Kowloon | 1.14 (0.59–2.20) |
| New Territories | 1.17 (0.61–2.27) |
| Physician factors (59 physicians) | |
| Female (vs male) | 0.69 (0.38–1.26) |
| Age, in years | 1.00 (0.97–1.03) |
| Practice district (vs Hong Kong) | |
| Kowloon | 0.85 (0.44–1.64) |
| New Territories | 0.69 (0.33–1.43) |
| Related training (vs neither) | |
| Family medicine training | 0.91 (0.49–1.72) |
| Diploma in psychological medicine | 1.04 (0.59–1.82) |
| Both | 0.28a (0.09–0.89) |
| Private setting (vs public) | 0.56 (0.30–1.07) |
| Time | |
| Time, in weeks | 1.02a (1.02–1.03) |
Note: 389 patients were excluded from the analysis because of missing values.
↵a Statistically significant at P <.05.