Beneficiary, Physician, and Sponsoring Institution Sample Characteristics
| Unweighted Number | Weighted Valuea | |
|---|---|---|
| Beneficiaries | ||
| Beneficiaries, No. | 502,920 | |
| Patient age | ||
| 65–74 years | 258,161 | 50.7 (50.6–50.9) |
| 75–84 years | 169,880 | 34.0 (33.8–34.1) |
| 85+ years | 74,879 | 15.3 (15.2–15.4) |
| Female sex | 306,016 | 61.0 (60.9–61.1) |
| Patient race/ethnicity | ||
| White race | 439,966 | 84.4 (84.3–84.5) |
| Black race | 31,867 | 7.3 (7.2–7.3) |
| Other race | 5,271 | 0.8 (0.8–0.8) |
| Asian race | 9,483 | 2.8 (2.8–2.8) |
| Hispanic ethnicity | 15,567 | 4.6 (4.5–4.7) |
| Weighted Charlson Score, median (IQR) | 1 (0–2) | |
| Primary care visits, mean (95% CI) | 6.8 (6.7–6.8) | |
| Physicians | ||
| No. of physicians | 3,075 | |
| Care provided in hospitals, mean % | 12.7 (12.0–13.4) | |
| Sponsoring institution characteristics | ||
| No. residents, mean (95% CI) | 102.5 (98.8–106.3) | |
| Graduates in rural practice | 10.0 (9.7–10.4) | |
| Graduates in primary care | 44.5 (43.5–45.4) | |
| Female physicians | 1,176 | 37.6 (35.9–39.3) |
| Male physicians | 1,899 | 62.4 (60.7–64.1) |
| International medical graduates | 729 | 28.9 (27.3–30.6) |
| US medical graduates | 2,346 | 71.1 (69.4–72.7) |
| General internists | 1,398 | 52.5 (50.8–54.3) |
| Family physicians | 1,677 | 47.5 (45.7–49.2) |
| Rural/urban location | ||
| Urban | 2,291 | 82.5 (81.2–83.9) |
| Large rural | 488 | 11.4 (10.3–12.5) |
| Small rural | 161 | 3.6 (2.9–4.2) |
| Isolated rural | 87 | 1.3 (0.9–1.7) |
| Frontier | 40 | 0.9 (0.6–1.3) |
| Years of practice | ||
| 0 to 7 y | 572 | 15.6 (14.4–16.9) |
| 8 to 15 y | 1,794 | 59.0 (57.3–60.8) |
| 16 to 19 y | 709 | 25.3 (23.8–26.8) |
| Practice HSA spending categoryb | ||
| Low | 1,128 | 26.2 (24.7–27.8) |
| Average | 1,013 | 29.4 (27.8–31.0) |
| High | 934 | 44.4 (42.6–46.1) |
HSA = hospital service area
Note: Data are derived from 2011 Medicare claims data. Data are weighted and restricted to primary care physicians with 1–19 years of practice and 40 or more Medicare patients, excluding patients with total expenditures greater than $100,000.
↵a Values are % (95% CI) unless otherwise noted.
↵b To standardize training HSA spending, we calculated a standardized z score for HSA spending for each years between 1992 and 2010. The Training HSA Spending groups are Low: −1.50 <z< −0.14, Average: −0.13 <z< 0.46, High: 0.47 <z< 4.50. Each group has approximately the same number of beneficiaries.