Table 2

Cohort Characteristics (N = 505,367)

CharacteristicAll ChildrenChildren With ≥1 Emergency Department Visits
<5 Years (n=180,198)5–17 Years (n=325,169)<5 Years (n=62,512)5–17 Years (n=69,015)
Sex, female, %48.849.147.249.0
Age, mean (SD), y1.8 (1.4)10.3 (3.6)1.5 (1.4)10.5 (3.8)
Race or ethnicity, %
 Hispanic29.527.334.632.0
 Non-Hispanic
 White36.148.332.844.8
 African American5.78.46.18.7
 Asian, Native Hawaiian, or other Pacific Islander3.64.42.92.7
 American Indian or Alaska Native3.34.83.96.0
 Two or more races1.62.41.82.8
 Unknown race/ethnicity20.14.517.83.1
Medicaid eligibility, mean (SD), mo9.9 (3.2)10.3 (3.2)11.5 (1.6)11.5 (1.7)
Medical complexity, %
 Healthy (no chronic disease)84.278.881.270.6
 Noncomplex chronic disease11.015.912.820.9
 Complex chronic disease4.85.36.08.5
Social complexity risk factors, %a
 Parent domestic violence4.54.45.45.4
 Parent death0.42.10.32.4
 Parent mental illness31.132.736.840.3
 Parent criminal justice involvement44.040.450.245.6
 Child abuse/neglect27.734.532.141.6
 Homelessness17.017.020.420.7
 Poverty26.823.434.330.8
 Limited English proficiency25.718.528.920.4
 Child mental illnessn/a18.4n/a24.1
 Child substance abusen/a1.9n/a3.7
 Child juvenile or criminal justice involvementn/a3.0n/a5.3
Social complexity risk factors
 0 factors, %21.219.813.912.3
 1 factor, %30.426.828.223.3
 2 factors, %20.220.722.221.3
 3 factors, %13.514.716.317.1
 4 factors, %9.09.811.413.0
 ≥5 factors, %5.88.27.913.0
 Mean (SD), No.1.8 (1.5)2.0 (1.6)2.1 (1.5)2.4 (1.7)
Outcomes
 Emergency department visits, mean (SD), No.0.7 (1.3)0.3 (0.8)1.9 (1.4)1.6 (1.2)