Table 1

General Characteristics of the Included Studies

Study, Year	Country	Design	Patients Screened, No.	Patients Undergoing Biopsy, No.	Age Range, y	Indication(s) for Biopsy
Al-Azab et al,¹⁶ 2007	Canada	Retrospective chart review	1,796	1,796	40–93	Elevated age-specific PSA level or abnormal DRE findings
Brett,¹⁷ 1998	Australia	Prospective cohort study	211	11	50–79	Abnormal DRE findings or PSA level ≥4.1 ng/mL
Crawford et al,¹⁸ 1999	United States	Retrospective chart review	142,111	4,160	40–79	Abnormal DRE findings or PSA level ≥4 ng/mL
Elliott et al,¹⁹ 2008	United States	Retrospective review of prospectively collected data	1,564	1,564	N/A	Abnormal DRE findings and/or PSA level ≥4 ng/mL
Faria et al,²⁰ 2012	Brazil	Prospective cohort study	17,571	1,647	45–98	Abnormal DRE findings and/or PSA level ≥4 ng/mL; and starting Nov 2004, PSA 2.5–3.9 ng/mL and % free PSA level ≤15
Kirby et al,²¹ 1994	United Kingdom	Prospective cohort study	568	29	55–70	Abnormal DRE findings or PSA level >4 ng/mL
Pederson et al,²² 1990	Sweden	Prospective cohort study	1,163	34	50–69	Abnormal DRE findings

DRE=digital rectal examination; N/A=not available; PSA=prostate-specific antigen.