Association of Practice Ownership With Work Environment, Learning Culture, Psychological Safety, and Burnout, All Survey Respondents
| Characteristic | Culture of Learninga β (95% CI) | Enjoyment With Worka β (95% CI) | Place of Joy and Hopea β (95% CI) | Psychological Safetya β (95% CI) | Burnouta β (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Practice ownership | |||||
| Independent | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Hospital | 0.062 (−0.141 to 0.265) | 0.273 (0.014 to 0.533)b | 0.194 (−0.057 to 0.446) | 0.363 (0.118 to 0.609)c | −0.287 (−0.509 to −0.063)b |
| FQHC | −0.106 (−0.385 to 0.172) | −0.171 (−0.505 to 0.162) | −0.191 (−0.536 to 0.155) | −0.264 (−0.549 to 0.021) | −0.048 (−0.364 to 0.268) |
| Incremental difference between hospital-owned and independent practices by response category | |||||
| Response categorya | Difference | Difference | Difference | Difference | Difference |
| Level 1 | −0.011 | −0.017 | −0.011 | −0.027 | 0.098 |
| Level 2 | −0.012 | −0.041 | −0.028 | −0.054 | −0.010 |
| Level 3 | −0.001 | −0.042 | −0.037 | −0.055 | −0.045 |
| Level 4 | 0.014 | 0.039 | 0.033 | 0.052 | −0.023 |
| Level 5 | 0.009 | 0.061 | 0.043 | 0.085 | −0.020 |
| Total number | 1,989 | 1,988 | 1,988 | 1,992 | 1,984 |
FQHC = federally qualified health center.
Note: Multivariate ordered probit models adjusted for practice-level nonresponse and clustering at practice level and controlling for ownership (independent, hospital system, or federally qualified health center), whether practice is located in a medical underserved area, practice size, single- or multispecialty practice, percentage of patients with Medicare coverage, and percentage of patients with Medicaid coverage or uninsured.
↵a Scored on a scale from 1 to 5, where higher scores indicate higher levels; see text for response categories.
↵b P <.05.
↵c P <.01.