Survey Respondent and Practice Sample Characteristics
| Characteristic | All Practicesa | Independent | Hospital Owned | Federally Qualified Health Center |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total responding | 1,973 | 690 | 910 | 373 |
| Clinicians responding | 467 | 170 | 239 | 58 |
| Staff responding | 1,506 | 520 | 671 | 315 |
| Outcome | ||||
| Culture of learning, mean score (95% CI)b | 3.0 (2.9–3.0) | 2.9 (2.8–3.1) | 3.0 (2.9–3.1) | 2.9 (.2.7–3.0) |
| Work environment, mean score (95% CI)b | ||||
| Enjoyment with work | 3.6 (3.5–3.7) | 3.5 (3.3–3.6) | 3.7 (3.6–3.9)c | 3.4 (3.3–3.6) |
| Place of joy and hope | 3.5 (3.4–3.6) | 3.4 (3.2–3.6) | 3.6 (3.5–3.7)c | 3.4 (3.2–3.6) |
| Psychological safety, mean score (95% CI)b | 3.5 (3.4–3.6) | 3.4 (3.2–3.5) | 3.7 (3.6–3.9)d | 3.2 (3.0–3.3) |
| Burnout scale, mean score (95% CI)b | 2.1 (2.00–2.14) | 2.2 (2.1–2.3) | 2.0 (1.9–2.1)d | 2.1 (2.0–2.2) |
| Burnout indicator, mean score (95% CI)e | 0.24 (0.21–0.28) | 0.28 (0.24–0.34) | 0.20 (0.15–0.26) | 0.27 (0.22–0.33) |
| Practice | ||||
| No. of clinicians, mean % (95% CI)a | ||||
| 1–5 | 38.9 (30.9–47.5) | 27.5 (17.4–40.6) | 49.4 (36.3–62.6) | 34.7 (17.9–56.9) |
| 6–10 | 32.1 (24.0–41.5) | 30.6 (18.4–46.2) | 30.4 (19.8–43.6) | 40.3 (19.2–65.7) |
| ≥11 | 29.0 (19.2–41.1) | 41.9 (25.7,−60.0) | 20.2 (8.5–40.9) | 24.9 (7.7–56.7) |
| Specialty mix, mean % (95% CI) | ||||
| Single specialty | 60.7 (50.4–70.2) | 76.6 (58.8–88.3) | 62.4 (47.1–75.5) | 21.5 (8.8–43.9)f |
| Multispecialty | 39.3 (29.8–40.6) | 23.4 (11.7–41.2) | 37.6 (24.5–52.9) | 78.4 (56.1–91.2) |
| Medically underserved area, mean % (95% CI) | 69.3 (59.7–77.4) | 51.9 (35.6–67.9) | 78.0 (67.7–85.7)d | 83.0 (53.6–95.3) |
| Patients with Medicare, mean % (95% CI) | 28.1 (24.2–32.0) | 29.1 (21.6–36.6) | 30.9 (25.5–36.3) | 18.9 (13.4–24.4)c |
| Patients with Medicaid/uninsured, mean % (95% CI) | 24.1 (19.1–29.1) | 14.9 (10.0–19.8) | 19.6 (14.6–24.7) | 56.8 (45.5–68.0)f |
| Total practices, No. | 189 | 61 | 104 | 24 |
Note: P values generated by comparison with independent practices using t tests for differences in means, and χ2 tests of independence for proportions, adjusted for the survey design.
↵a Estimates adjusted for practice-level nonresponse.
↵b Scored on a scale from 1 to 5, where higher scores indicate higher levels; see text for response categories.
↵c P <.05.
↵d P <.01
↵e Scored on an indicator of burnout defined by a rating of 3 or higher.
↵f P <.001.