Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Development and Validation of the Individual Burden of Illness Index for Major Depressive Disorder (IBI-D)

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This study aims at developing a single numerical measure that represents a depressed patient’s individual burden of illness. An exploratory study examined depressed outpatients (n = 317) followed by a hypothesis confirmatory study using the NIMH STAR*D trial (n = 2,967). Eigenvalues/eigenvectors were obtained from the Principal Component Analyses of patient-reported measures of symptom severity, functioning, and quality of life. The study shows that a single principal component labeled as the Individual Burden of Illness Index for Depression (IBI-D) accounts for the vast majority of the variance contained in these three measures providing a numerical z score for clinicians and investigators to determine an individual’s burden of illness, relative to other depressed patients.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • American Psychiatric Association (APA). (1994). Global assessment of functioning. In Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing Inc.

  • American Psychiatric Association (APA). (2010, Oct). Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with major depressive disorder (3rd ed., pp. 26). Retrieved Dec 23, 2010, from: http://www.psych.org/guidelines/mdd2010.

  • Anand, S., & Hanson, K. (1998). DALYs: Efficiency versus equity. World Development, 26(2), 307–310.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Angermeyer, M. C., Holzinger, A., Matschinger, H., & Stenger-Wenzke, K. (2002). Depression and quality of life: Results of a follow-up study. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 48(3), 189–199.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beck, A. T., Epstein, N., Brown, G., & Steer, R. A. (1988). An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: Psychometric properties. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56(6), 893–897.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Costello, A. B., & Osborne, J. W. (2005). Best practices in exploratory factor analysis: Four recommendations for getting the most from your analysis. Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation, 10(7). Available online http://pareonline.net/getvn.asp?v=10&n=7. Accessed 15 Sep 2011.

  • Endicott, J., & Nee, J. (1997). Endicott work productivity scale (EWPS): A new measure to assess treatment effects. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 33(1), 13–16.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Endicott, J., Nee, J., Harrison, W., & Blumenthal, R. (1993). Quality of life enjoyment and satisfaction questionnaire: A new measure. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 29(2), 321–326.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fava, M., Rush, A. J., Trivedi, M. H., Nierenberg, A. A., Thase, M. E., Sackeim, H. A., et al. (2003). Background and rationale for the sequenced treatment alternatives to relieve depression (STAR*D) study. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 26(2), 457–494.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fleck, M., Simon, G., & Herrman, H. (2005). Major depression and its correlates in primary care settings in six countries. British Journal of Psychiatry, 186(1), 41–47.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gold, M. R., Stevenson, D., & Fryback, D. G. (2002). HALYs and QALYs and DALYs, Oh My: Similarities and differences in summary measures of population health. Annual Review of Public Health, 23, 115–134.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goppoldova, E., Dragomirecka, E., Motlova, L., & Hajek, T. (2008). Subjective quality of life in psychiatric patients: Diagnosis and illness-specific profiles. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 53(9), 587–593.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gorsuch, R. L. (1983). Factor analysis. Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hair, J. F., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L., & Black, W. C. (2006). Multivariate data analysis (6th ed.). Upper Saddle River: Prentice-Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Havelaar, A. (2007, Aug). Methodological choices for calculating the disease burden and cost-of-illness of foodborne zoonoses in European countries. Retrieved Dec 21, 2010, from Netherlands: Med-Vet-Net Workpackage 23: http://www.medvetnet.org/pdf/Reports/Reports_07_002.pdf.

  • IsHak, W. W., Burt, T., & Sederer, L. I. (2002). Outcome measurement in psychiatry: A critical review. Washington: American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • IsHak, W. W., Greeberg, J. M., Balayan, K., Kapitanski, N., Jeffrey, J., Fathy, H., et al. (2011). Quality of life: The ultimate outcome measure of interventions in major depressive disorder. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 19, 229–239.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Judd, L. L., Akiskal, H. S., Zeller, P. J., Paulus, M., Leon, A. C., & Maser, J. D. (2000). Psychosocial disability during the long-term course of unipolar major depressive disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 57(4), 375–380.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kessler, R., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., Koretz, D., Merikangas, K. R., et al. (2003). The epidemiology of major depressive disorder: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R). JAMA, 289(23), 3095–3105.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kruijshaar, M. E., Hoeymans, N., Spijker, J., Stouthard, M. E., & Essink-Bot, M. L. (2005). Has the burden of depression been overestimated? Bull World Health Organ, 83(6), 443–448.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McGuire, T., Wells, K. B., Miranda, J., Scheffler, R., Durham, M., Ford, D. E., et al. (2002). Burden of illness, In K. B. Wells, J. Miranda, R. Scheffler, M. Durham, D. E. Ford, L. Lewis (eds.), Mental Health Services Research, 4(4), 179–185.

  • Melse, J. M., Essink-Bot, M. L., Kramers, P. G., & Hoeymans, N. (2000). A national burden of disease calculation: Dutch disability-adjusted life-years. American Journal of Public Health, 90(8), 1241–1247.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Molenaar, P. J., Dekker, J., Van, R., Hendriksen, M., Vink, A., & Schoevers, R. A. (2007). Does adding psychotherapy to pharmacotherapy improve social functioning in the treatment of outpatient depression? Depress Anxiety, 24(8), 553–562.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mundt, J. C., Marks, I. M., Shear, M. K., & Greist, J. H. (2002). The work and social adjustment scale: A simple measure of impairment in functioning. British Journal of Psychiatry, 180, 461–464.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Murray, C. J. (1994). Quantifying the burden of disease: The technical basis for disability-adjusted life years. Bull World Health Organ, 72(3), 429–445.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murray, C. J., & Lopez, A. D. (1997). Global mortality, disability, and the contribution of risk factors: Global burden of disease study. Lancet, 349(9063), 1436–1442.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Parikh, S. V., & Lam, R. W. (2001). Clinical guidelines for the treatment of depressive disorders. Definitions, prevalence, and health burden. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 46 Suppl(1), 13S–20S.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prüss-Üstün, A., Mathers, C., Corvalán, C., & Woodward, A. (2003). Introduction and methods: Assessing the environmental burden of disease at national and local levels (WHO Environmental Burden of Disease Series, No. 1). Geneva: World Health Organization.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rapaport, M. H., Clary, C., Fayyad, R., & Endicott, J. (2005). Quality-of-life impairment in depressive and anxiety disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 1171–1178.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rush, A. J., Trivedi, M. H., Ibrahim, H. M., Carmody, T. J., Arnow, B., Klein, D. N., et al. (2003). The 16-item Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (QIDS), clinician rating(QIDS-C), and self-report (QIDS-SR): A psychometric evaluation in patients with chronic major depression. Biological Psychiatry, 54(5), 573–583.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rush, A. J., Fava, M., Wisniewski, S. R., Lavori, P. W., Trivedi, M., Sackeim, H. A., et al. (2004). Sequenced treatment alternatives to relieve depression (STAR*D): Rationale and design. Controlled Clinical Trials, 25(1), 119–142.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rush, A. J., Kraemer, H. C., Sackeim, H. A., Fava, M., Trivedi, M., Frank, E., et al. (2006). A report by the ACNP task force on response and remission in major depressive disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology, 31(9), 1841–1853.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sassi, F. (2006). Calculating QALYs, comparing QALY and DALY calculations. Health Policy and Planning, 21(5), 402–408.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sheehan, D. V. (1983). The anxiety disease. New York: Scribner’s.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheehan, D. V., Lecrubier, Y., Sheehan, K. H., Amrim, P., Janavs, J., Weiller, E., et al. (1998). The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.): The development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM-IV and ICD-10. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 59 Suppl(20), 22–33.

  • Skärsäter, I., Baigi, A., & Haglund, L. (2006). Functional status and quality of life in patients with first-episode major depression. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 13(2), 205–213.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Trivedi, M. H., Rush, A. J., Wisniewski, R. S., Warden, D., McKinney, W., Downing, M., et al. (2006). Factors associated with health-related quality of life among outpatients with major depressive disorder: A STAR*D report. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 67(2), 185–195.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Waern, M., Rubenwitz, E., Runeson, B., Skoog, I., Wilhelmson, K., & Allebeck, P. (2002). Burden of illness and suicide in elderly people: Case–control study. BMJ, 324(7350), 1355–1358.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization (WHO). (2008 Oct). The global burden of disease, 2004. Retrieved Dec 21, 2010, from http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/GBD_report_2004update_full.pdf.

  • Zeckhauser, R. J., & Shepard, D. S. (1976). Where now for saving lives? Law and Contemporary Problems, 40(4), 5–45.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zimmerman, M., McGlinchey, J. B., Posternak, M. A., Friedman, M., Attiullah, N., & Boerescu, D. (2006). How should remission from depression be defined? The depressed patient’s perspective. American Journal of Psychiatry, 163(1), 148–150.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zimmerman, M., McGlinchey, J. B., Posternak, M. A., Friedman, M., Boerescu, D., & Attiullah, N. (2008). Remission in depressed outpatients: More than just symptom resolution. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 42(10), 797–801.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center and David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 8730 Alden Drive, Thalians W-157, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA

    Waguih William IsHak

  2. David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA and Keck School of Medicine at University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, CA, USA

    Jared Matt Greenberg

  3. Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA

    Tammy Saah

  4. David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA

    Shakiba Mobaraki

  5. Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt

    Hala Fakhry

  6. Biostatisitics, UCLA School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA, USA

    Qian (Vicky) Wu, Eunis Ngor & Fei Yu

  7. Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA

    Robert M. Cohen

  8. Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, S. Mark Taper Foundation Imaging Department, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA

    Robert M. Cohen

Authors
  1. Waguih William IsHak
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Jared Matt Greenberg
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Tammy Saah
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Shakiba Mobaraki
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Hala Fakhry
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Qian (Vicky) Wu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Eunis Ngor
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Fei Yu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Robert M. Cohen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Waguih William IsHak.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

IsHak, W.W., Greenberg, J.M., Saah, T. et al. Development and Validation of the Individual Burden of Illness Index for Major Depressive Disorder (IBI-D). Adm Policy Ment Health 40, 76–86 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10488-011-0376-6

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10488-011-0376-6

Keywords

Search

Navigation