Abstract
Background
Medical care at the end of life is often expensive and ineffective.
Objective
To explore associations between primary care and hospital utilization at the end of life.
Design
Retrospective analysis of Medicare data. We measured hospital utilization during the final 6 months of life and the number of primary care physician visits in the 12 preceding months. Multivariate cluster analysis adjusted for the effects of demographics, comorbidities, and geography in end-of-life healthcare utilization.
Subjects
National random sample of 78,356 Medicare beneficiaries aged 66+ who died in 2001. Non-whites were over-sampled. All subjects with complete Medicare data for 18 months prior to death were retained, except for those in the End Stage Renal Disease program.
Measurements
Hospital days, costs, in-hospital death, and presence of two types of preventable hospital admissions (Ambulatory Care Sensitive Conditions) during the final 6 months of life.
Results
Sample characteristics: 38% had 0 primary care visits; 22%, 1–2; 19%, 3–5; 10%, 6–8; and 11%, 9+ visits. More primary care visits in the preceding year were associated with fewer hospital days at end of life (15.3 days for those with no primary care visits vs. 13.4 for those with ≥9 visits, P < 0.001), lower costs ($24,400 vs. $23,400, P < 0.05), less in-hospital death (44% vs. 40%, P < 0.01), and fewer preventable hospitalizations for those with congestive heart failure (adjusted odds ratio, aOR = 0.82, P < 0.001) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (aOR = 0.81, P = 0.02).
Conclusions
Primary care visits in the preceding year are associated with less, and less costly, end-of-life hospital utilization. Increased primary care access for Medicare beneficiaries may decrease costs and improve quality at the end of life.
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Acknowledgements
This work was presented at the AcademyHealth Annual Research Meeting in Orlando, FL, on 4 June 2006 and received the Mack Lipkin Sr. Associate Member Award for Outstanding Scientific Presentation at the National Meeting for the Society of General Internal Medicine in Los Angeles, CA, on 26 April 2006. The authors thank Drs. Jim Burgess and John Pagliaro for their support with manuscript preparation, and Jenn Fonda for support with computer programming. Dr. Kronman is supported by a Mentored Clinical Scientist Development Program Award (Building Interdisciplinary Careers in Women’s Health Research) from the National Institutes of Health (K12 HD04344, Karen Freund, Principal Investigator). Dr. Kronman was supported by an Institutional National Research Service Award from the National Institutes of Health (T32 HP 10028, Rob Friedman, Principal Investigator) when this research was performed.
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Kronman, A.C., Ash, A.S., Freund, K.M. et al. Can Primary Care Visits Reduce Hospital Utilization Among Medicare Beneficiaries at the End of Life?. J GEN INTERN MED 23, 1330–1335 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-008-0638-5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-008-0638-5