Recruitment of a rural, southern, predominantly African-American population into a diabetes self-management trial
Introduction
African Americans bear an excess burden of chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and obesity [1]. Nowhere is this burden greater than in the southeastern United States, where high rates of uncontrolled hypertension and diabetes are accompanied by high stroke and coronary heart disease mortality [2], [3], [4]. In Alabama, for example, where 10.8% of adults have been diagnosed with diabetes, the highest rates are concentrated in the Black Belt, 18 counties in the state's southern region named for the rich, black topsoil. In this region, 75% of the population is African-American, one in three adults over age 50 has diabetes, and over half of the population is overweight or obese [3], [5].
The burden of chronic disease particularly affects rural, southern residents, who face considerable barriers in meeting their chronic disease self-care needs, including distance, paucity of medical resources, low educational attainment, high poverty rates, and scarce sources of healthful foods. Chronic disease management is complicated further in the South by the legacy of Tuskegee, Alabama, site of the infamous Tuskegee syphilis experiment, which is well-known to area residents and continues to engender widespread mistrust in the healthcare system in general and medical research in particular [6].
Under these circumstances, it is perhaps unsurprising that few diabetes self-management interventions focus specifically on rural, southern African Americans. Minorities are generally underrepresented in clinical trials [7], [8], but even fewer southern African Americans participate, although they represent over 10% of African Americans nationwide, and nearly all rural African-American residents live in the South. Nevertheless, this region urgently needs effective interventions to improve diabetes self-care.
A growing body of literature focused on improving minority participation in research has revealed some key areas that researchers should address [9], [10], [11]. One study identified three viewpoints that were unique but equally important to ensure successful recruitment and retention efforts: potential study subjects, their healthcare providers, and staff at the health centers where they receive their care [12]. Researchers also have identified the importance of building a trusting, reciprocal relationship between the study team and members of the community [13], [14]. In addition, being randomized to the control group, which can frustrate any participant wishing to receive the intervention, may particularly disappoint individuals with limited access to much needed resources [15], [16], [17]. This literature has an important gap, however, because much of the current information on recruitment and retention of minority populations comes from studies limited by small sample sizes or by being medical center-based clinical trials rather than community-based research studies [10], [12], [14].
This paper aims to expand the currently limited literature on strategies for recruitment of rural African-American populations into randomized trials. The authors present their experience with recruitment and baseline data collection in the rural Alabama Black Belt for a community-based, cluster randomized controlled trial of a community-based peer-support intervention designed to improve diabetes self-care. This paper includes results of the recruitment efforts as well as a summary of challenges, barriers, and lessons learned during successful recruitment and baseline data collection.
Section snippets
Community engagement
Prior to developing and submitting the study proposal for funding, study investigators carried out community engagement activities by partnering with an ongoing community coalition established for cancer prevention improvement. Coalition meetings had consistently included calls for diabetes programs, prompting this proposal, and when the study team received notice of funding, they collaborated with this coalition to hold a discussion group with community members. With this discussion group,
Study sample
A total of 15 community practices were approached and assessed for eligibility. Of these, three practices did not wish to participate in the study. Twelve practices were randomized, and a total of 424 participants were recruited and enrolled in the study (Fig. 3). Of the 759 signed interest cards or telephone inquiries received, 78.9% (n = 599) were successfully contacted for telephone screening. Of those contacted, 511 were eligible. Of those eligible, 472 were scheduled for an enrollment day in
Discussion
This cluster randomized clinical trial successfully reached its recruitment goals in a largely African-American, rural region by employing several approaches that may be generalizable for use in other community-based studies. These methods included community engagement both prior to and during the funding period; pilot testing of recruitment approaches with adjustment of methods to maximize success; and participant-friendly data collection. Incorporating these approaches allowed the study team
Acknowledgements
We thank Lynn Andreae for her writing assistance and proofreading the article.
This study was supported by a grant from Peers for Progress, a program of the American Academy of Family Physicians Foundation supported by the Eli Lilly and Company Foundation, Inc.
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