Original InvestigationPathogenesis and Treatment of Kidney Disease25-Hydroxyvitamin D Levels and Albuminuria in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III)
Section snippets
Study Population
NHANES III was a population-based survey conducted from 1988 to 1994.21 It was designed to provide national estimates of health and nutritional status for the civilian noninstitutionalized population of the United States. Young children, older persons, black persons, and Mexican Americans were oversampled as part of a complex multistage sample design. A total of 16,575 participants aged 20 years or older were included in a mobile examination center evaluation, of whom 15,395 (93%) underwent
Results
Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels were distributed in a log-normal fashion (Fig 1). Proportions of subjects with vitamin D levels less than 12, 20, and 32 ng/mL (<30, 50, and 80 nmol/L; proposed definitions of vitamin D deficiency27) were 3.7%, 22.2%, and 62.7%, respectively. Lower vitamin D levels were associated with older age, female sex, history of diabetes, hypertension, greater BMI, and lower estimated GFR (Table 1). Mean vitamin D levels varied by race/ethnicity, with the highest levels
Discussion
Low 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels were associated with an increased prevalence of albuminuria in a large representative sample of the US population. Prevalence of albuminuria increased in a progressive fashion with decreasing vitamin D levels, and the association of low vitamin D level with albuminuria was independent of age, sex, race/ethnicity, smoking status, BMI, and kidney function. Adjustment for hypertension and diabetes resulted in some attenuation of this association, suggesting that
Acknowledgements
Support: This publication was made possible by grant 5 K12 RR023265-03 from the National Center for Research Resources (NCRR), a component of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). Its contents are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official view of NCRR or NIH.
Financial Disclosure: None.
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