The effect on women's breast cancer screening utilization of a barrier-specific telephone counseling (BSTC) intervention, with and without a concurrent continuing medical education (CME) activity for their physicians, was evaluated. All participants (50-80 years of age) were not regular mammography users at baseline. A 4-arm quasi-experimental design was employed. Women were randomized to the BSTC or no BSTC group and assigned (with their physicians) to the CME or no CME group based on place of residence. Pre- and postintervention data were obtained for 1,601 women using telephone interviews conducted during 1995 and 1998, respectively. Among women who had ever used mammography at baseline, those who received BSTC were more likely than the control group to become regular mammography users at follow-up (OR = 1.4, p = .033). Greater reductions in perceived barriers to mammography, from baseline to follow-up, were significantly associated with receiving BSTC compared with the control group (p = .001), among women with previous mammography experience. Findings suggest that CME may have potential for initiating mammography use among women who never had a previous mammogram. However, because of the small sample available for analyses of the CME intervention and differential attrition among women who never had a previous mammogram, further study is needed to confirm this hypothesis.