Accessible, high-quality, cost-effective health care systems are anchored in primary care, yet decreasing production from graduate medical education (GME) jeopardizes the primary care workforce and the nation's health. The GME Initiative recommends Congress (1) invigorates primary care physician (PCP) supply through GME benchmarking and enforcement by creating a workforce that is at least 40% PCPs, holding teaching hospitals accountable, and increasing the primary care residency position cap, (2) establishes a GME system supported by all insurers-public and private-and implements a fixed floor funding of direct GME (DME) at $100,000 per resident per year for residencies that produce graduates who truly go on to practice primary care, (3) reallocates some indirect GME (IME) to support primary care residency education, including enhanced PCP education outside hospitals, including teaching health centers, (4) restores funding for the 1997 full-time equivalent (FTE) PCP residency slots cut for training outside the teaching hospital, (5) allows states expanding Medicaid through the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) to increase PCP education capacity through Medicaid DME and/or IME at the enhanced Federal Medical Assistance Percentage (FMAP).