Ca 2+ is important for plant growth and development as a nutrient and a second messenger.
However, the molecular nature and roles of Ca 2+ -permeable channels or transporters …

OBJECTIVES This study examined the usefulness of thoracic ultrasonography for evaluation
of fluid accumulation in patients with decompensated chronic heart failure (CHF) in …

Background In decompensated chronic heart failure, there is controversy regarding the
incidence and amount of pericardial fluid. Moreover, the relation of pericardial effusion to pleural …

Until recently, most studies of heart failure (HF) focused on body fluid dynamics through
control of the sodium and water balance in the body. Chloride has remained largely ignored in …

OBJECTIVES--To clarify the genesis and clinical significance of inferior ST elevation during
acute anterior myocardial infarction. PATIENTS AND DESIGN--A total of 106 patients with …

Body fluid volume regulation is a complex process involving the interaction of various afferent
(sensory) and neurohumoral efferent (effector) mechanisms. Historically, most studies …

Aims Chloride (Cl) is an established key electrolyte for the activation of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone
system. Recent studies have shown the serum Cl as a key electrolyte for the …

Purpose This study evaluated the clinical characteristics of bilateral leg edema during follow‐up
of heart failure (HF) patients and determined the added value of monitoring fluid weight …

According to the “chloride theory” for heart failure (HF) pathophysiology, manipulation of the
serum chloride concentration is an important therapeutic target. This study determined the …

Background Chloride is a key electrolyte that regulates the body fluid distribution. Accordingly,
manipulating chloride kinetics by selecting a suitable diuretic could be an attractive …