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Department of Family & Community Medicine, Penn State Ambulatory Research Network, Hershey, Pa
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR: Alan M. Adelman, MD, MS, Department of Family & Community Medicine, Penn State Ambulatory Research Network, 500 University Dr, H154, Hershey, PA 17033, aadelman{at}psu.edu
Key Words: Practice-based research network • health behavior • health promotion • obesity • motivation
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METHODS |
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The intervention focused on patients working through My Healthy Habits Journal with the health coach to develop an individualized action plan to address poor diet, physical inactivity, or both. This motivational enhancement approach proposed by Miller and Rollnick and Botelho3,4 is largely based on motivational interviewing (MI). MI is "a directive, client-centered counseling style for increasing intrinsic motivation by helping clients explore and resolve ambivalence."5 It is based on 5 guiding principles: expressing empathy, developing an awareness of the discrepancy between the patient’s present state and his or her goal, "rolling" with the patient’s resistance to change, avoiding arguments, and supporting self-efficacy.
The initial 4-week training program for the health coach consisted of review of videotapes,2 reading assignments,3,4,6 a self-change project, and practice sessions with 2 patient participants. The trainer reviewed audiotapes of the practice sessions and provided feedback via telephone and e-mail. Once participant recruitment began, ongoing training through review of audiotaped interactions was by telephone, e-mail contact, or both every 1 to 2 weeks between the health coach and trainer. In the latter stages of the project, the transcribed audiotapes were rated using the Motivational Interviewing Treatment Integrity (MITI) scale.7 The MITI scale counts therapist behaviors that are important to MI, such as validating the patient’s feelings, asking open-ended questions, and listening reflectively. It also counts behaviors that do not adhere to MI, such as directing or persuading the patient, and giving unsolicited advice.
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Our study suggests that health coaches require careful caseload management and structured guidelines to address setting boundaries. Boundary issues arose because of the frequent occurrence of psychosocial issues including depressive symptoms in this population of obese adults. Many patients readily divulged their deeply personal struggle surrounding their eating habits. In turn, the health coach often struggled with how best to address these consuming psychosocial issues. In the future, further attention should be given to recognition of the many psychosocial complexities that compete with facilitating behavior change. In addition, firm boundaries must be set as to what the health coach can address and how much time is spent with patients who are not actively modifying their unhealthy behaviors.
Central to this project was the effective implementation of motivational techniques by the lay health coach. Although we did not directly examine what characteristics are needed to be an effective health coach, the individual must possess strong negotiating and listening skills and the capacity to project a nonjudgmental, supportive presence. The rate of adoption and implementation of the motivational enhancement techniques by the health coach depended on the particular technique and its difficulty. Learning to ask open-ended questions was relatively easy, whereas decreasing the number of closed-ended questions was more difficult. Similarly, validating the patient’s feelings and providing emotional support were easier to master, whereas decreasing the use of persuasion and direct advice took longer to adopt. The rate of uptake of the skills necessary to be an effective health coach probably varies depending on the coach’s baseline skills and personal style. For the more difficult skills, 9 to 12 months was required to master their use. Unfortunately, the literature on MI does not provide guidance on length of time required to master all the skills. In teaching MI to mental health or addiction counselors, the use of standardized patients has been found to be beneficial.8 The use of standardized patients for structured practice may decrease the time required for learning these techniques. This project suggests that lay health coaches require intensive, interactive training and timely supportive feedback.
Implementation is 1 of the 5 key elements proposed by Glasgow et al9 in their RE-AIM framework for translational research. Also called treatment integrity or fidelity, implementation refers to the quality and consistency of the intervention in a real-world setting. If an intervention fails, the question arises whether the failure was due to an ineffective intervention or to inappropriate delivery of the intervention. Glasgow et al10 reported that behavioral interventions may be more difficult to evaluate because of the "inherent interactivity" that characterizes the patient and health coach relationship.
Two other issues surrounding the training of the health coach had an important impact on implementation. First, audiotaping health coach–patient interactions was an essential part of this project. Traditionally, MI training occurs in workshop format. After workshop training, self-reported knowledge increases, but newly acquired skills may not be incorporated into practice when measured at a 2- to 4-month follow-up.8,11 Continued evaluation of the intervention through the use of video or audiotape is a valuable way to monitor the training process and ensure uniformity of the intervention.
Second, during the last 3 months of the project, the adoption of a standardized measure (MITI) to evaluate the health coach’s performance was a valuable training aid. Feedback was structured around specific health coach behaviors that needed to be increased or decreased. The recently described behavior change counseling index (BECCI)12 appears to be more aligned with brief interventions and could replace the MITI as the instrument of choice to measure the delivery of motivational enhancement techniques.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS |
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FOOTNOTES |
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Funding support: This project was supported by Prescription for Health, a national program of The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation with support from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.
Received for publication December 20, 2004. Revision received March 13, 2005. Accepted for publication March 23, 2005.
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This article has been cited by other articles:
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  L. Anderko, S. Lundeen, and C. Bartz The midwest nursing centers consortium research network: translating research into practice. Policy Politics Nursing Practice, May 1, 2006; 7(2): 101 - 109. [Abstract] [PDF]
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 K. C. Stange Strength from Vulnerability Ann. Fam. Med, September 1, 2005; 3(5): 464 - 466. [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. C. Stange In This Issue: Patient Outcomes, the Process of Care, and the Capacity for Innovation Ann. Fam. Med, July 1, 2005; 3(4): 290 - 291. [Full Text] [PDF]
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