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Editorial |
Department of Family Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR: Peter J. Carek, MD, MS, Department of Family Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, 9298 Medical Plaza Dr, Charleston, SC 29406, carekpj{at}musc.edu
Key Words: Medical education/training • internship and residency/curriculum • faculty • residency programs • research • family practice
Research in primary care is essential because clinical care must be based on research evidence, and the evidence base for the majority of care for the population cannot be generated only through animal studies or laboratory- or hospital-based research.1 Despite the size and importance of primary care in delivering health care, the research output has been relatively limited.2–5 Research in family medicine in the United States is growing, however.6 Considering that the generation and application of new knowledge is integral to the further development of family medicine as a discipline, it is important that the skills necessary to conduct scholarly activity be included in residency training to encourage and develop the next generation of investigators, as well as to achieve the more practical goal of applying these skills in clinical practice.
BACKGROUND
As stated in the Future of Family Medicine report, "participation in the generation of new knowledge must become integral to the activities of all family physicians and, therefore, should be incorporated into family medicine training."7 Consistent with these directives, the Annals of Family Medicine, through funding provided by the American Academy of Family Physicians Foundation, has worked with the guest editors to develop a peer-reviewed supplement devoted to research conducted by family medicine residents.
A call for papers was conducted through the Association of Family Medicine Residency Directors as well as through announcements made in the Annals of Family Medicine and during national meetings of family medicine organizations. By the deadline, 36 manuscripts were submitted. The initial peer review was completed by the guest editors along with volunteer reviewers. Manuscripts coauthored by either of the editors or originating from residents at their affiliated residency were sent directly to the Annals editorial staff for disposition and decisions to avoid conflict of interest. A summary of these reviews and decisions on whether a revision was requested were forwarded to the corresponding author. The final editorial decision-making process for manuscripts was conducted through the Annals editorial office. Of the 36 papers submitted, 10 were offered the opportunity for revision and resubmission. Some of the submitters chose not to resubmit, but 6 did send in revised manuscripts that were subsequently accepted. The resulting articles, published in this supplement, address a variety of clinical, health services, and primary care epidemiologic questions using qualitative and quantitative methods.
WHAT THE MANUSCRIPTS TELL US
What do the submitted manuscripts—both those selected for publication in this supplement and those not selected—tell us about the state of resident research?
The manuscripts published in this supplement come from studies based on small numbers of patients, reflecting the resources available to family medicine residents to conduct research. During training, scholarly activity by residents is limited by both financial resources and the time available to conduct such projects. The studies therefore follow the appropriate strategy of conducting a project that is feasible to complete during a residency. Although they were small and had limited aims, the projects may eventually lead to larger studies that would enhance the academic basis of family medicine. Many of the submitted manuscripts, including several of those accepted, describe quality improvement projects that appear to have improved awareness, learning, and care in the residency training practices. Linking practice-based research and quality improvement efforts is a potentially useful strategy for generating knowledge that is immediately translatable into practice.8
One goal of resident research is the learning that goes with conducting the project. Resident research projects should help to develop reflective, inquisitive clinicians who seek existing knowledge to answer questions and who consider ways to participate in the generation of new knowledge to fill important holes in our knowledge base. Projects should therefore engender learning about the information that we already possess and the information that we need. If the question of a particular project fills an important hole in the literature, and the study uses robust methods that are feasible within the time and resource constraints of residency, the completed project may result in publication. Publication, in turn, is important for disseminating the knowledge gained and promoting its incorporation into clinical practice.
IMPROVING THE RESIDENT RESEARCH PROCESS
Our review of the 36 submitted manuscripts gave many causes for optimism about family medicine research. Key among them is that residents are clearly participating in scholarly activities during training. Nonetheless, we also noted certain gaps in the research process. On the basis of our review, we identified 2 areas of the research process requiring substantial attention and improvement in residency training. First, faculty members can guide residents in refining research questions to fill important holes in our knowledge. To develop high-quality studies that answer specific research questions, residents and faculty need to be open to observations from practice and need to conduct a thorough review of the medical literature to determine what is currently known and unknown about the clinical question raised. Second, the Discussion sections of manuscripts need to be refined to critically interpret the results of the project regarding their impact on practice, policy, education, or research; furthermore, fully presenting the limitations of a study places the research findings into the appropriate context. Understanding the medical literature and developing critical thinking skills are important in research and other scholarly activities, as they are in the process of patient care.
A BROADER LOOK AT THE STATE OF RESIDENT RESEARCH
Beyond the manuscripts submitted for this supplement, what does the medical literature tells us about the state of resident research? In general, recent evaluations of research in family medicine residencies, which have primarily focused on residency faculty, found minimal productivity in most programs2,9; however, many residencies have adopted a scholarly or research requirement for residents. Nearly one-half of residency programs require a resident research project, as this activity is believed to develop critical thinking and patient care skills, as well as to increase the resident’s understanding of the medical literature.10 Although the faculty may not be producing a great deal of scholarly works, they are encouraging residents to participate in scholarly activity as a learning experience, which is consistent with the overarching goals of the Future of Family Medicine Project.7 We were therefore very pleased to receive 36 manuscripts to be evaluated for potential inclusion in this supplement. Although this number represents a small proportion of the resident projects that could have been prepared in manuscript form and submitted, these submissions are a positive sign of research activity by residents, particularly when considered in the context that faculty in only about one-half of family medicine residencies produced any publications over a 3-year period.2
At present, residency programs have numerous competing demands when fulfilling educational requirements through patient care activities and rotational experiences. Although its inclusion is often difficult because of these competing demands, a formal program of scholarly activity meets a basic requirement of the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) and develops skills in residents necessary for successful practice. According to the Program Requirements for Residency Education in Family Practice, scholarly activity is an important and required component of family medicine education, and a substantial proportion of residency programs require a resident research project.10,11 A defined curriculum in scholarly activity is an avenue that can be used to further develop these skills in residents.
RECOMMENDATIONS
We hope that this supplement will encourage the scholarly activities of family medicine residents and residency faculty, but it is only a small step toward increasing family medicine research capacity and quality. To further scholarly activity in family medicine residency programs, we encourage residency program directors, faculty, and residents to consider the following recommendations:
CONCLUSIONS
Although many residents and residency programs are participating in scholarly activity, we have numerous opportunities to increase research capacity and maintain or enhance research quality. By expanding participation in scholarly activity to all family medicine residents and residency programs, residents’ education will be enhanced as they develop critical thinking and patient care skills—skills that are necessary for individual family physicians to practice high-quality, evidenced-based medicine with their patients. In summary, research and scholarly activity in family medicine residency programs exists, and its further development should be promoted through an emphasis on providing additional support through time allotment and, most importantly, faculty development.
FOOTNOTES
Conflicts of interest: none reported
Received for publication September 24, 2007. Accepted for publication September 25, 2007.
REFERENCES
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