Research ArticleMethodology
Context Matters: The Experience of 14 Research Teams in Systematically Reporting Contextual Factors Important for Practice Change
Andrada Tomoaia-Cotisel, Debra L. Scammon, Norman J. Waitzman, Peter F. Cronholm, Jacqueline R. Halladay, David L. Driscoll, Leif I. Solberg, Clarissa Hsu, Ming Tai-Seale, Vanessa Hiratsuka, Sarah C. Shih, Michael D. Fetters, Christopher G. Wise, Jeffrey A. Alexander, Diane Hauser, Carmit K. McMullen, Sarah Hudson Scholle, Manasi A. Tirodkar, Laura Schmidt, Katrina E. Donahue, Michael L. Parchman and Kurt C. Stange
The Annals of Family Medicine May 2013, 11 (Suppl 1) S115-S123; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1370/afm.1549
Andrada Tomoaia-Cotisel
Department of Family & Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (Tomoaia-Costisel, Scammon); Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom (Tomoaia-Costisel); University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California (Tomoaia-Costisel); Emma Eccles Jones Professor of Marketing, David Eccles School of Business, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (Scammon); Department of Economics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (Waitzman); Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Center for Public Health Initiatives, Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (Cronholm); Department of Family Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (Halladay, Donahue); Institute for Circumpolar Health Studies, College of Health, University of Alaska, Anchorage, Alaska (Driscoll); HealthPartners Institute for Education and Research, Minneapolis, Minnesota (Solberg); Center for Community Health and Evaluation, Group Health Research Institute, Seattle, Washington (Hsu); Palo Alto Medical Foundation Research Institute, Palo Alto, California (Tai-Seale); Research Department, Southcentral Foundation, Anchorage, Alaska (Hiratsuka); Primary Care Information Project, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York, New York (Shih); Department of Family Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (Fetters); School of Public Health, Ross School of Business, Research Center University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (Wise); Patient-Centered Medical Home Collaborative Quality Initiative, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (Alexander); The Institute for Family Health and the Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York (Hauser, Schmidt); The Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, Oregon (McMullen); National Committee for Quality Assurance (NCQA), Washington, DC (Scholle, Tirodkar); MacColl Center for Health Care Innovation, Group Health Research Institute, Seattle, Washington (Parchman); Department of Family Medicine, Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Department of Sociology, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio (Stange).
MPH, MHADebra L. Scammon
Department of Family & Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (Tomoaia-Costisel, Scammon); Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom (Tomoaia-Costisel); University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California (Tomoaia-Costisel); Emma Eccles Jones Professor of Marketing, David Eccles School of Business, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (Scammon); Department of Economics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (Waitzman); Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Center for Public Health Initiatives, Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (Cronholm); Department of Family Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (Halladay, Donahue); Institute for Circumpolar Health Studies, College of Health, University of Alaska, Anchorage, Alaska (Driscoll); HealthPartners Institute for Education and Research, Minneapolis, Minnesota (Solberg); Center for Community Health and Evaluation, Group Health Research Institute, Seattle, Washington (Hsu); Palo Alto Medical Foundation Research Institute, Palo Alto, California (Tai-Seale); Research Department, Southcentral Foundation, Anchorage, Alaska (Hiratsuka); Primary Care Information Project, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York, New York (Shih); Department of Family Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (Fetters); School of Public Health, Ross School of Business, Research Center University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (Wise); Patient-Centered Medical Home Collaborative Quality Initiative, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (Alexander); The Institute for Family Health and the Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York (Hauser, Schmidt); The Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, Oregon (McMullen); National Committee for Quality Assurance (NCQA), Washington, DC (Scholle, Tirodkar); MacColl Center for Health Care Innovation, Group Health Research Institute, Seattle, Washington (Parchman); Department of Family Medicine, Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Department of Sociology, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio (Stange).
PhDNorman J. Waitzman
Department of Family & Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (Tomoaia-Costisel, Scammon); Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom (Tomoaia-Costisel); University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California (Tomoaia-Costisel); Emma Eccles Jones Professor of Marketing, David Eccles School of Business, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (Scammon); Department of Economics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (Waitzman); Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Center for Public Health Initiatives, Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (Cronholm); Department of Family Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (Halladay, Donahue); Institute for Circumpolar Health Studies, College of Health, University of Alaska, Anchorage, Alaska (Driscoll); HealthPartners Institute for Education and Research, Minneapolis, Minnesota (Solberg); Center for Community Health and Evaluation, Group Health Research Institute, Seattle, Washington (Hsu); Palo Alto Medical Foundation Research Institute, Palo Alto, California (Tai-Seale); Research Department, Southcentral Foundation, Anchorage, Alaska (Hiratsuka); Primary Care Information Project, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York, New York (Shih); Department of Family Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (Fetters); School of Public Health, Ross School of Business, Research Center University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (Wise); Patient-Centered Medical Home Collaborative Quality Initiative, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (Alexander); The Institute for Family Health and the Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York (Hauser, Schmidt); The Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, Oregon (McMullen); National Committee for Quality Assurance (NCQA), Washington, DC (Scholle, Tirodkar); MacColl Center for Health Care Innovation, Group Health Research Institute, Seattle, Washington (Parchman); Department of Family Medicine, Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Department of Sociology, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio (Stange).
PhDPeter F. Cronholm
Department of Family & Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (Tomoaia-Costisel, Scammon); Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom (Tomoaia-Costisel); University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California (Tomoaia-Costisel); Emma Eccles Jones Professor of Marketing, David Eccles School of Business, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (Scammon); Department of Economics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (Waitzman); Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Center for Public Health Initiatives, Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (Cronholm); Department of Family Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (Halladay, Donahue); Institute for Circumpolar Health Studies, College of Health, University of Alaska, Anchorage, Alaska (Driscoll); HealthPartners Institute for Education and Research, Minneapolis, Minnesota (Solberg); Center for Community Health and Evaluation, Group Health Research Institute, Seattle, Washington (Hsu); Palo Alto Medical Foundation Research Institute, Palo Alto, California (Tai-Seale); Research Department, Southcentral Foundation, Anchorage, Alaska (Hiratsuka); Primary Care Information Project, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York, New York (Shih); Department of Family Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (Fetters); School of Public Health, Ross School of Business, Research Center University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (Wise); Patient-Centered Medical Home Collaborative Quality Initiative, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (Alexander); The Institute for Family Health and the Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York (Hauser, Schmidt); The Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, Oregon (McMullen); National Committee for Quality Assurance (NCQA), Washington, DC (Scholle, Tirodkar); MacColl Center for Health Care Innovation, Group Health Research Institute, Seattle, Washington (Parchman); Department of Family Medicine, Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Department of Sociology, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio (Stange).
MD, MSCE, FAAFPJacqueline R. Halladay
Department of Family & Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (Tomoaia-Costisel, Scammon); Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom (Tomoaia-Costisel); University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California (Tomoaia-Costisel); Emma Eccles Jones Professor of Marketing, David Eccles School of Business, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (Scammon); Department of Economics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (Waitzman); Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Center for Public Health Initiatives, Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (Cronholm); Department of Family Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (Halladay, Donahue); Institute for Circumpolar Health Studies, College of Health, University of Alaska, Anchorage, Alaska (Driscoll); HealthPartners Institute for Education and Research, Minneapolis, Minnesota (Solberg); Center for Community Health and Evaluation, Group Health Research Institute, Seattle, Washington (Hsu); Palo Alto Medical Foundation Research Institute, Palo Alto, California (Tai-Seale); Research Department, Southcentral Foundation, Anchorage, Alaska (Hiratsuka); Primary Care Information Project, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York, New York (Shih); Department of Family Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (Fetters); School of Public Health, Ross School of Business, Research Center University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (Wise); Patient-Centered Medical Home Collaborative Quality Initiative, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (Alexander); The Institute for Family Health and the Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York (Hauser, Schmidt); The Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, Oregon (McMullen); National Committee for Quality Assurance (NCQA), Washington, DC (Scholle, Tirodkar); MacColl Center for Health Care Innovation, Group Health Research Institute, Seattle, Washington (Parchman); Department of Family Medicine, Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Department of Sociology, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio (Stange).
MD, MPHDavid L. Driscoll
Department of Family & Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (Tomoaia-Costisel, Scammon); Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom (Tomoaia-Costisel); University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California (Tomoaia-Costisel); Emma Eccles Jones Professor of Marketing, David Eccles School of Business, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (Scammon); Department of Economics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (Waitzman); Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Center for Public Health Initiatives, Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (Cronholm); Department of Family Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (Halladay, Donahue); Institute for Circumpolar Health Studies, College of Health, University of Alaska, Anchorage, Alaska (Driscoll); HealthPartners Institute for Education and Research, Minneapolis, Minnesota (Solberg); Center for Community Health and Evaluation, Group Health Research Institute, Seattle, Washington (Hsu); Palo Alto Medical Foundation Research Institute, Palo Alto, California (Tai-Seale); Research Department, Southcentral Foundation, Anchorage, Alaska (Hiratsuka); Primary Care Information Project, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York, New York (Shih); Department of Family Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (Fetters); School of Public Health, Ross School of Business, Research Center University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (Wise); Patient-Centered Medical Home Collaborative Quality Initiative, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (Alexander); The Institute for Family Health and the Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York (Hauser, Schmidt); The Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, Oregon (McMullen); National Committee for Quality Assurance (NCQA), Washington, DC (Scholle, Tirodkar); MacColl Center for Health Care Innovation, Group Health Research Institute, Seattle, Washington (Parchman); Department of Family Medicine, Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Department of Sociology, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio (Stange).
MA, PhD, MPHLeif I. Solberg
Department of Family & Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (Tomoaia-Costisel, Scammon); Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom (Tomoaia-Costisel); University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California (Tomoaia-Costisel); Emma Eccles Jones Professor of Marketing, David Eccles School of Business, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (Scammon); Department of Economics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (Waitzman); Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Center for Public Health Initiatives, Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (Cronholm); Department of Family Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (Halladay, Donahue); Institute for Circumpolar Health Studies, College of Health, University of Alaska, Anchorage, Alaska (Driscoll); HealthPartners Institute for Education and Research, Minneapolis, Minnesota (Solberg); Center for Community Health and Evaluation, Group Health Research Institute, Seattle, Washington (Hsu); Palo Alto Medical Foundation Research Institute, Palo Alto, California (Tai-Seale); Research Department, Southcentral Foundation, Anchorage, Alaska (Hiratsuka); Primary Care Information Project, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York, New York (Shih); Department of Family Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (Fetters); School of Public Health, Ross School of Business, Research Center University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (Wise); Patient-Centered Medical Home Collaborative Quality Initiative, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (Alexander); The Institute for Family Health and the Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York (Hauser, Schmidt); The Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, Oregon (McMullen); National Committee for Quality Assurance (NCQA), Washington, DC (Scholle, Tirodkar); MacColl Center for Health Care Innovation, Group Health Research Institute, Seattle, Washington (Parchman); Department of Family Medicine, Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Department of Sociology, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio (Stange).
MDClarissa Hsu
Department of Family & Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (Tomoaia-Costisel, Scammon); Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom (Tomoaia-Costisel); University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California (Tomoaia-Costisel); Emma Eccles Jones Professor of Marketing, David Eccles School of Business, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (Scammon); Department of Economics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (Waitzman); Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Center for Public Health Initiatives, Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (Cronholm); Department of Family Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (Halladay, Donahue); Institute for Circumpolar Health Studies, College of Health, University of Alaska, Anchorage, Alaska (Driscoll); HealthPartners Institute for Education and Research, Minneapolis, Minnesota (Solberg); Center for Community Health and Evaluation, Group Health Research Institute, Seattle, Washington (Hsu); Palo Alto Medical Foundation Research Institute, Palo Alto, California (Tai-Seale); Research Department, Southcentral Foundation, Anchorage, Alaska (Hiratsuka); Primary Care Information Project, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York, New York (Shih); Department of Family Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (Fetters); School of Public Health, Ross School of Business, Research Center University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (Wise); Patient-Centered Medical Home Collaborative Quality Initiative, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (Alexander); The Institute for Family Health and the Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York (Hauser, Schmidt); The Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, Oregon (McMullen); National Committee for Quality Assurance (NCQA), Washington, DC (Scholle, Tirodkar); MacColl Center for Health Care Innovation, Group Health Research Institute, Seattle, Washington (Parchman); Department of Family Medicine, Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Department of Sociology, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio (Stange).
PhDMing Tai-Seale
Department of Family & Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (Tomoaia-Costisel, Scammon); Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom (Tomoaia-Costisel); University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California (Tomoaia-Costisel); Emma Eccles Jones Professor of Marketing, David Eccles School of Business, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (Scammon); Department of Economics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (Waitzman); Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Center for Public Health Initiatives, Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (Cronholm); Department of Family Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (Halladay, Donahue); Institute for Circumpolar Health Studies, College of Health, University of Alaska, Anchorage, Alaska (Driscoll); HealthPartners Institute for Education and Research, Minneapolis, Minnesota (Solberg); Center for Community Health and Evaluation, Group Health Research Institute, Seattle, Washington (Hsu); Palo Alto Medical Foundation Research Institute, Palo Alto, California (Tai-Seale); Research Department, Southcentral Foundation, Anchorage, Alaska (Hiratsuka); Primary Care Information Project, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York, New York (Shih); Department of Family Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (Fetters); School of Public Health, Ross School of Business, Research Center University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (Wise); Patient-Centered Medical Home Collaborative Quality Initiative, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (Alexander); The Institute for Family Health and the Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York (Hauser, Schmidt); The Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, Oregon (McMullen); National Committee for Quality Assurance (NCQA), Washington, DC (Scholle, Tirodkar); MacColl Center for Health Care Innovation, Group Health Research Institute, Seattle, Washington (Parchman); Department of Family Medicine, Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Department of Sociology, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio (Stange).
PhD, MPHVanessa Hiratsuka
Department of Family & Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (Tomoaia-Costisel, Scammon); Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom (Tomoaia-Costisel); University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California (Tomoaia-Costisel); Emma Eccles Jones Professor of Marketing, David Eccles School of Business, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (Scammon); Department of Economics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (Waitzman); Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Center for Public Health Initiatives, Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (Cronholm); Department of Family Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (Halladay, Donahue); Institute for Circumpolar Health Studies, College of Health, University of Alaska, Anchorage, Alaska (Driscoll); HealthPartners Institute for Education and Research, Minneapolis, Minnesota (Solberg); Center for Community Health and Evaluation, Group Health Research Institute, Seattle, Washington (Hsu); Palo Alto Medical Foundation Research Institute, Palo Alto, California (Tai-Seale); Research Department, Southcentral Foundation, Anchorage, Alaska (Hiratsuka); Primary Care Information Project, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York, New York (Shih); Department of Family Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (Fetters); School of Public Health, Ross School of Business, Research Center University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (Wise); Patient-Centered Medical Home Collaborative Quality Initiative, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (Alexander); The Institute for Family Health and the Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York (Hauser, Schmidt); The Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, Oregon (McMullen); National Committee for Quality Assurance (NCQA), Washington, DC (Scholle, Tirodkar); MacColl Center for Health Care Innovation, Group Health Research Institute, Seattle, Washington (Parchman); Department of Family Medicine, Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Department of Sociology, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio (Stange).
MPHSarah C. Shih
Department of Family & Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (Tomoaia-Costisel, Scammon); Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom (Tomoaia-Costisel); University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California (Tomoaia-Costisel); Emma Eccles Jones Professor of Marketing, David Eccles School of Business, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (Scammon); Department of Economics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (Waitzman); Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Center for Public Health Initiatives, Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (Cronholm); Department of Family Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (Halladay, Donahue); Institute for Circumpolar Health Studies, College of Health, University of Alaska, Anchorage, Alaska (Driscoll); HealthPartners Institute for Education and Research, Minneapolis, Minnesota (Solberg); Center for Community Health and Evaluation, Group Health Research Institute, Seattle, Washington (Hsu); Palo Alto Medical Foundation Research Institute, Palo Alto, California (Tai-Seale); Research Department, Southcentral Foundation, Anchorage, Alaska (Hiratsuka); Primary Care Information Project, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York, New York (Shih); Department of Family Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (Fetters); School of Public Health, Ross School of Business, Research Center University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (Wise); Patient-Centered Medical Home Collaborative Quality Initiative, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (Alexander); The Institute for Family Health and the Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York (Hauser, Schmidt); The Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, Oregon (McMullen); National Committee for Quality Assurance (NCQA), Washington, DC (Scholle, Tirodkar); MacColl Center for Health Care Innovation, Group Health Research Institute, Seattle, Washington (Parchman); Department of Family Medicine, Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Department of Sociology, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio (Stange).
MPHMichael D. Fetters
Department of Family & Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (Tomoaia-Costisel, Scammon); Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom (Tomoaia-Costisel); University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California (Tomoaia-Costisel); Emma Eccles Jones Professor of Marketing, David Eccles School of Business, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (Scammon); Department of Economics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (Waitzman); Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Center for Public Health Initiatives, Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (Cronholm); Department of Family Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (Halladay, Donahue); Institute for Circumpolar Health Studies, College of Health, University of Alaska, Anchorage, Alaska (Driscoll); HealthPartners Institute for Education and Research, Minneapolis, Minnesota (Solberg); Center for Community Health and Evaluation, Group Health Research Institute, Seattle, Washington (Hsu); Palo Alto Medical Foundation Research Institute, Palo Alto, California (Tai-Seale); Research Department, Southcentral Foundation, Anchorage, Alaska (Hiratsuka); Primary Care Information Project, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York, New York (Shih); Department of Family Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (Fetters); School of Public Health, Ross School of Business, Research Center University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (Wise); Patient-Centered Medical Home Collaborative Quality Initiative, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (Alexander); The Institute for Family Health and the Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York (Hauser, Schmidt); The Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, Oregon (McMullen); National Committee for Quality Assurance (NCQA), Washington, DC (Scholle, Tirodkar); MacColl Center for Health Care Innovation, Group Health Research Institute, Seattle, Washington (Parchman); Department of Family Medicine, Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Department of Sociology, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio (Stange).
MD, PMH, MAChristopher G. Wise
Department of Family & Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (Tomoaia-Costisel, Scammon); Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom (Tomoaia-Costisel); University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California (Tomoaia-Costisel); Emma Eccles Jones Professor of Marketing, David Eccles School of Business, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (Scammon); Department of Economics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (Waitzman); Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Center for Public Health Initiatives, Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (Cronholm); Department of Family Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (Halladay, Donahue); Institute for Circumpolar Health Studies, College of Health, University of Alaska, Anchorage, Alaska (Driscoll); HealthPartners Institute for Education and Research, Minneapolis, Minnesota (Solberg); Center for Community Health and Evaluation, Group Health Research Institute, Seattle, Washington (Hsu); Palo Alto Medical Foundation Research Institute, Palo Alto, California (Tai-Seale); Research Department, Southcentral Foundation, Anchorage, Alaska (Hiratsuka); Primary Care Information Project, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York, New York (Shih); Department of Family Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (Fetters); School of Public Health, Ross School of Business, Research Center University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (Wise); Patient-Centered Medical Home Collaborative Quality Initiative, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (Alexander); The Institute for Family Health and the Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York (Hauser, Schmidt); The Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, Oregon (McMullen); National Committee for Quality Assurance (NCQA), Washington, DC (Scholle, Tirodkar); MacColl Center for Health Care Innovation, Group Health Research Institute, Seattle, Washington (Parchman); Department of Family Medicine, Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Department of Sociology, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio (Stange).
MHA, PhDJeffrey A. Alexander
Department of Family & Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (Tomoaia-Costisel, Scammon); Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom (Tomoaia-Costisel); University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California (Tomoaia-Costisel); Emma Eccles Jones Professor of Marketing, David Eccles School of Business, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (Scammon); Department of Economics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (Waitzman); Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Center for Public Health Initiatives, Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (Cronholm); Department of Family Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (Halladay, Donahue); Institute for Circumpolar Health Studies, College of Health, University of Alaska, Anchorage, Alaska (Driscoll); HealthPartners Institute for Education and Research, Minneapolis, Minnesota (Solberg); Center for Community Health and Evaluation, Group Health Research Institute, Seattle, Washington (Hsu); Palo Alto Medical Foundation Research Institute, Palo Alto, California (Tai-Seale); Research Department, Southcentral Foundation, Anchorage, Alaska (Hiratsuka); Primary Care Information Project, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York, New York (Shih); Department of Family Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (Fetters); School of Public Health, Ross School of Business, Research Center University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (Wise); Patient-Centered Medical Home Collaborative Quality Initiative, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (Alexander); The Institute for Family Health and the Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York (Hauser, Schmidt); The Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, Oregon (McMullen); National Committee for Quality Assurance (NCQA), Washington, DC (Scholle, Tirodkar); MacColl Center for Health Care Innovation, Group Health Research Institute, Seattle, Washington (Parchman); Department of Family Medicine, Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Department of Sociology, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio (Stange).
PhDDiane Hauser
Department of Family & Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (Tomoaia-Costisel, Scammon); Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom (Tomoaia-Costisel); University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California (Tomoaia-Costisel); Emma Eccles Jones Professor of Marketing, David Eccles School of Business, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (Scammon); Department of Economics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (Waitzman); Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Center for Public Health Initiatives, Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (Cronholm); Department of Family Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (Halladay, Donahue); Institute for Circumpolar Health Studies, College of Health, University of Alaska, Anchorage, Alaska (Driscoll); HealthPartners Institute for Education and Research, Minneapolis, Minnesota (Solberg); Center for Community Health and Evaluation, Group Health Research Institute, Seattle, Washington (Hsu); Palo Alto Medical Foundation Research Institute, Palo Alto, California (Tai-Seale); Research Department, Southcentral Foundation, Anchorage, Alaska (Hiratsuka); Primary Care Information Project, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York, New York (Shih); Department of Family Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (Fetters); School of Public Health, Ross School of Business, Research Center University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (Wise); Patient-Centered Medical Home Collaborative Quality Initiative, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (Alexander); The Institute for Family Health and the Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York (Hauser, Schmidt); The Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, Oregon (McMullen); National Committee for Quality Assurance (NCQA), Washington, DC (Scholle, Tirodkar); MacColl Center for Health Care Innovation, Group Health Research Institute, Seattle, Washington (Parchman); Department of Family Medicine, Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Department of Sociology, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio (Stange).
MPACarmit K. McMullen
Department of Family & Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (Tomoaia-Costisel, Scammon); Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom (Tomoaia-Costisel); University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California (Tomoaia-Costisel); Emma Eccles Jones Professor of Marketing, David Eccles School of Business, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (Scammon); Department of Economics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (Waitzman); Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Center for Public Health Initiatives, Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (Cronholm); Department of Family Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (Halladay, Donahue); Institute for Circumpolar Health Studies, College of Health, University of Alaska, Anchorage, Alaska (Driscoll); HealthPartners Institute for Education and Research, Minneapolis, Minnesota (Solberg); Center for Community Health and Evaluation, Group Health Research Institute, Seattle, Washington (Hsu); Palo Alto Medical Foundation Research Institute, Palo Alto, California (Tai-Seale); Research Department, Southcentral Foundation, Anchorage, Alaska (Hiratsuka); Primary Care Information Project, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York, New York (Shih); Department of Family Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (Fetters); School of Public Health, Ross School of Business, Research Center University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (Wise); Patient-Centered Medical Home Collaborative Quality Initiative, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (Alexander); The Institute for Family Health and the Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York (Hauser, Schmidt); The Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, Oregon (McMullen); National Committee for Quality Assurance (NCQA), Washington, DC (Scholle, Tirodkar); MacColl Center for Health Care Innovation, Group Health Research Institute, Seattle, Washington (Parchman); Department of Family Medicine, Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Department of Sociology, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio (Stange).
PhDSarah Hudson Scholle
Department of Family & Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (Tomoaia-Costisel, Scammon); Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom (Tomoaia-Costisel); University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California (Tomoaia-Costisel); Emma Eccles Jones Professor of Marketing, David Eccles School of Business, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (Scammon); Department of Economics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (Waitzman); Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Center for Public Health Initiatives, Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (Cronholm); Department of Family Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (Halladay, Donahue); Institute for Circumpolar Health Studies, College of Health, University of Alaska, Anchorage, Alaska (Driscoll); HealthPartners Institute for Education and Research, Minneapolis, Minnesota (Solberg); Center for Community Health and Evaluation, Group Health Research Institute, Seattle, Washington (Hsu); Palo Alto Medical Foundation Research Institute, Palo Alto, California (Tai-Seale); Research Department, Southcentral Foundation, Anchorage, Alaska (Hiratsuka); Primary Care Information Project, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York, New York (Shih); Department of Family Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (Fetters); School of Public Health, Ross School of Business, Research Center University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (Wise); Patient-Centered Medical Home Collaborative Quality Initiative, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (Alexander); The Institute for Family Health and the Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York (Hauser, Schmidt); The Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, Oregon (McMullen); National Committee for Quality Assurance (NCQA), Washington, DC (Scholle, Tirodkar); MacColl Center for Health Care Innovation, Group Health Research Institute, Seattle, Washington (Parchman); Department of Family Medicine, Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Department of Sociology, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio (Stange).
MPH, DrPHManasi A. Tirodkar
Department of Family & Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (Tomoaia-Costisel, Scammon); Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom (Tomoaia-Costisel); University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California (Tomoaia-Costisel); Emma Eccles Jones Professor of Marketing, David Eccles School of Business, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (Scammon); Department of Economics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (Waitzman); Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Center for Public Health Initiatives, Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (Cronholm); Department of Family Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (Halladay, Donahue); Institute for Circumpolar Health Studies, College of Health, University of Alaska, Anchorage, Alaska (Driscoll); HealthPartners Institute for Education and Research, Minneapolis, Minnesota (Solberg); Center for Community Health and Evaluation, Group Health Research Institute, Seattle, Washington (Hsu); Palo Alto Medical Foundation Research Institute, Palo Alto, California (Tai-Seale); Research Department, Southcentral Foundation, Anchorage, Alaska (Hiratsuka); Primary Care Information Project, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York, New York (Shih); Department of Family Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (Fetters); School of Public Health, Ross School of Business, Research Center University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (Wise); Patient-Centered Medical Home Collaborative Quality Initiative, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (Alexander); The Institute for Family Health and the Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York (Hauser, Schmidt); The Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, Oregon (McMullen); National Committee for Quality Assurance (NCQA), Washington, DC (Scholle, Tirodkar); MacColl Center for Health Care Innovation, Group Health Research Institute, Seattle, Washington (Parchman); Department of Family Medicine, Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Department of Sociology, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio (Stange).
PhD, MSLaura Schmidt
Department of Family & Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (Tomoaia-Costisel, Scammon); Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom (Tomoaia-Costisel); University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California (Tomoaia-Costisel); Emma Eccles Jones Professor of Marketing, David Eccles School of Business, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (Scammon); Department of Economics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (Waitzman); Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Center for Public Health Initiatives, Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (Cronholm); Department of Family Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (Halladay, Donahue); Institute for Circumpolar Health Studies, College of Health, University of Alaska, Anchorage, Alaska (Driscoll); HealthPartners Institute for Education and Research, Minneapolis, Minnesota (Solberg); Center for Community Health and Evaluation, Group Health Research Institute, Seattle, Washington (Hsu); Palo Alto Medical Foundation Research Institute, Palo Alto, California (Tai-Seale); Research Department, Southcentral Foundation, Anchorage, Alaska (Hiratsuka); Primary Care Information Project, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York, New York (Shih); Department of Family Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (Fetters); School of Public Health, Ross School of Business, Research Center University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (Wise); Patient-Centered Medical Home Collaborative Quality Initiative, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (Alexander); The Institute for Family Health and the Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York (Hauser, Schmidt); The Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, Oregon (McMullen); National Committee for Quality Assurance (NCQA), Washington, DC (Scholle, Tirodkar); MacColl Center for Health Care Innovation, Group Health Research Institute, Seattle, Washington (Parchman); Department of Family Medicine, Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Department of Sociology, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio (Stange).
PhDKatrina E. Donahue
Department of Family & Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (Tomoaia-Costisel, Scammon); Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom (Tomoaia-Costisel); University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California (Tomoaia-Costisel); Emma Eccles Jones Professor of Marketing, David Eccles School of Business, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (Scammon); Department of Economics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (Waitzman); Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Center for Public Health Initiatives, Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (Cronholm); Department of Family Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (Halladay, Donahue); Institute for Circumpolar Health Studies, College of Health, University of Alaska, Anchorage, Alaska (Driscoll); HealthPartners Institute for Education and Research, Minneapolis, Minnesota (Solberg); Center for Community Health and Evaluation, Group Health Research Institute, Seattle, Washington (Hsu); Palo Alto Medical Foundation Research Institute, Palo Alto, California (Tai-Seale); Research Department, Southcentral Foundation, Anchorage, Alaska (Hiratsuka); Primary Care Information Project, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York, New York (Shih); Department of Family Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (Fetters); School of Public Health, Ross School of Business, Research Center University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (Wise); Patient-Centered Medical Home Collaborative Quality Initiative, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (Alexander); The Institute for Family Health and the Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York (Hauser, Schmidt); The Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, Oregon (McMullen); National Committee for Quality Assurance (NCQA), Washington, DC (Scholle, Tirodkar); MacColl Center for Health Care Innovation, Group Health Research Institute, Seattle, Washington (Parchman); Department of Family Medicine, Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Department of Sociology, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio (Stange).
MD, MPHMichael L. Parchman
Department of Family & Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (Tomoaia-Costisel, Scammon); Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom (Tomoaia-Costisel); University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California (Tomoaia-Costisel); Emma Eccles Jones Professor of Marketing, David Eccles School of Business, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (Scammon); Department of Economics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (Waitzman); Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Center for Public Health Initiatives, Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (Cronholm); Department of Family Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (Halladay, Donahue); Institute for Circumpolar Health Studies, College of Health, University of Alaska, Anchorage, Alaska (Driscoll); HealthPartners Institute for Education and Research, Minneapolis, Minnesota (Solberg); Center for Community Health and Evaluation, Group Health Research Institute, Seattle, Washington (Hsu); Palo Alto Medical Foundation Research Institute, Palo Alto, California (Tai-Seale); Research Department, Southcentral Foundation, Anchorage, Alaska (Hiratsuka); Primary Care Information Project, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York, New York (Shih); Department of Family Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (Fetters); School of Public Health, Ross School of Business, Research Center University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (Wise); Patient-Centered Medical Home Collaborative Quality Initiative, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (Alexander); The Institute for Family Health and the Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York (Hauser, Schmidt); The Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, Oregon (McMullen); National Committee for Quality Assurance (NCQA), Washington, DC (Scholle, Tirodkar); MacColl Center for Health Care Innovation, Group Health Research Institute, Seattle, Washington (Parchman); Department of Family Medicine, Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Department of Sociology, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio (Stange).
MDKurt C. Stange
Department of Family & Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (Tomoaia-Costisel, Scammon); Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom (Tomoaia-Costisel); University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California (Tomoaia-Costisel); Emma Eccles Jones Professor of Marketing, David Eccles School of Business, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (Scammon); Department of Economics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (Waitzman); Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Center for Public Health Initiatives, Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (Cronholm); Department of Family Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (Halladay, Donahue); Institute for Circumpolar Health Studies, College of Health, University of Alaska, Anchorage, Alaska (Driscoll); HealthPartners Institute for Education and Research, Minneapolis, Minnesota (Solberg); Center for Community Health and Evaluation, Group Health Research Institute, Seattle, Washington (Hsu); Palo Alto Medical Foundation Research Institute, Palo Alto, California (Tai-Seale); Research Department, Southcentral Foundation, Anchorage, Alaska (Hiratsuka); Primary Care Information Project, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York, New York (Shih); Department of Family Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (Fetters); School of Public Health, Ross School of Business, Research Center University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (Wise); Patient-Centered Medical Home Collaborative Quality Initiative, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (Alexander); The Institute for Family Health and the Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York (Hauser, Schmidt); The Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, Oregon (McMullen); National Committee for Quality Assurance (NCQA), Washington, DC (Scholle, Tirodkar); MacColl Center for Health Care Innovation, Group Health Research Institute, Seattle, Washington (Parchman); Department of Family Medicine, Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Department of Sociology, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio (Stange).
MD, PhD
Abstract
PURPOSE We aimed to advance the internal and external validity of research by sharing our empirical experience and recommendations for systematically reporting contextual factors.
METHODS Fourteen teams conducting research on primary care practice transformation retrospectively considered contextual factors important to interpreting their findings (internal validity) and transporting or reinventing their findings in other settings/situations (external validity). Each team provided a table or list of important contextual factors and interpretive text included as appendices to the articles in this supplement. Team members identified the most important contextual factors for their studies. We grouped the findings thematically and developed recommendations for reporting context.
RESULTS The most important contextual factors sorted into 5 domains: (1) the practice setting, (2) the larger organization, (3) the external environment, (4) implementation pathway, and (5) the motivation for implementation. To understand context, investigators recommend (1) engaging diverse perspectives and data sources, (2) considering multiple levels, (3) evaluating history and evolution over time, (4) looking at formal and informal systems and culture, and (5) assessing the (often nonlinear) interactions between contextual factors and both the process and outcome of studies. We include a template with tabular and interpretive elements to help study teams engage research participants in reporting relevant context.
CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate the feasibility and potential utility of identifying and reporting contextual factors. Involving diverse stakeholders in assessing context at multiple stages of the research process, examining their association with outcomes, and consistently reporting critical contextual factors are important challenges for a field interested in improving the internal and external validity and impact of health care research.
- context
- methods
- research design
- validity
- generalizability
- patient-centered medical home
- primary care
- change
- organizational
- practice-based research
- transformation
- Received for publication March 30, 2013.
- Revision received April 9, 2013.
- Accepted for publication April 9, 2013.
- © 2013 Annals of Family Medicine, Inc.
In this issue
Context Matters: The Experience of 14 Research Teams in Systematically Reporting Contextual Factors Important for Practice Change
Andrada Tomoaia-Cotisel, Debra L. Scammon, Norman J. Waitzman, Peter F. Cronholm, Jacqueline R. Halladay, David L. Driscoll, Leif I. Solberg, Clarissa Hsu, Ming Tai-Seale, Vanessa Hiratsuka, Sarah C. Shih, Michael D. Fetters, Christopher G. Wise, Jeffrey A. Alexander, Diane Hauser, Carmit K. McMullen, Sarah Hudson Scholle, Manasi A. Tirodkar, Laura Schmidt, Katrina E. Donahue, Michael L. Parchman, Kurt C. Stange
The Annals of Family Medicine May 2013, 11 (Suppl 1) S115-S123; DOI: 10.1370/afm.1549
Context Matters: The Experience of 14 Research Teams in Systematically Reporting Contextual Factors Important for Practice Change
Andrada Tomoaia-Cotisel, Debra L. Scammon, Norman J. Waitzman, Peter F. Cronholm, Jacqueline R. Halladay, David L. Driscoll, Leif I. Solberg, Clarissa Hsu, Ming Tai-Seale, Vanessa Hiratsuka, Sarah C. Shih, Michael D. Fetters, Christopher G. Wise, Jeffrey A. Alexander, Diane Hauser, Carmit K. McMullen, Sarah Hudson Scholle, Manasi A. Tirodkar, Laura Schmidt, Katrina E. Donahue, Michael L. Parchman, Kurt C. Stange
The Annals of Family Medicine May 2013, 11 (Suppl 1) S115-S123; DOI: 10.1370/afm.1549
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