Article Figures & Data
Tables
Variable CPT Code Visits Inpatient 99221-99223, 99231-9233, 99238, 99251-99255, 99261-99263 Emergency department 99281-99288 Outpatient 92002-92014, 99201-99205, 99211-99215, 99217-99220, 99241, 99242-99245, 99271-99275, 99301-99303, 99311-99313, 99321-99323, 99331-99333, 99341-99355, 99381-99387, 99391-99397, 99401-99404, 99411, 99412, 99420-99429, 99499 Outcomes Glycosylated hemoglobin 83036 Lipid profile 80061 Eye examination 92002, 92004, 92012, 92014, 92018, 92019, 92225, 92226, 92235, or 92250 Characteristics Number Percent * Generalist includes general practitioner, family physician, general internist, and general pediatrician. Age, years 18–34 57 3.2 35–44 183 10.2 45–54 642 35.8 55–64 913 50.9 Sex Male 1,086 60.5 Female 709 39.5 Residence Metropolitan 1,537 85.6 Nonmetropolitan 258 14.4 Specialty of predominant provider Generalist* 1,432 79.8 Endocrinologist 66 3.7 Other 114 6.4 Mixed 146 8.1 Unknown 37 2.1 Diabetic complications Renal 51 2.8 Retinal 226 12.6 Neurologic 158 8.8 Peripheral vascular 66 3.7 Ambulatory diagnostic groups Time limited: minor 490 27.3 Time limited: minor—primary infections 604 33.7 Time limited: major 284 15.8 Time limited: major—primary infections 227 12.7 Allergies 134 7.5 Asthma 76 4.2 Likely to recur: discrete 507 28.2 Likely to recur: discrete—infections 345 19.2 Likely to recur: progressive 258 14.4 Chronic medical: stable 1,749 97.4 Chronic medical: unstable 1,160 64.6 Chronic specialty: stable—orthopedic 115 6.4 Chronic specialty: stable—ear, nose, throat 36 2.0 Chronic specialty: stable—eye 240 13.4 Chronic specialty: unstable—orthopedic 70 3.9 Chronic specialty: unstable—ear, nose, throat 13 0.7 Chronic specialty: unstable—eye 355 19.8 Dermatologic 341 19.0 Injuries/adverse effects: minor 246 13.7 Injuries/adverse effects: major 263 14.7 Psychosocial: time limited, minor 77 4.3 Psychosocial: recurrent or persistent, stable 150 8.4 Psychosocial: recurrent or persistent, unstable 63 3.5 Signs/symptoms: minor 674 37.6 Signs/symptoms: uncertain 975 54.3 Signs/symptoms: major 689 38.4 Discretionary 330 18.3 See and reassure 191 10.6 Prevention/administrative 1,086 60.5 Malignancy 128 7.1 Pregnancy 15 0.8 Dental 6 0.3 Total 1,795 100.0 Glycosylated Hemoglobin (≥1) Glycosylated Hemoglobin (≥2) Lipid Profile Eye Examination Variable OR (95% CI) OR (95% CI) OR (95% CI) OR (95% CI) OR = odds ratio; CI = confidence interval. * Compares continuity score of 1.00 with continuity score of 0.00. † Number of outpatient visits during study year for which diabetes was listed as any of 3 diagnoses. ‡ Reference group is endocrinologist. § Reference group is 55-64 years. # Reference group is male. ¶ For each diabetic complication, comparison is presence vs absence of complication. # Reference group is nonmetropolitan. ** For each ambulatory diagnostic group (AGD), comparison is presence vs absence of ADG; only ADGs significant at P <.05 for 1 or more outcomes are included in this table. Continuity* 0.61 0.32-1.16 1.06 0.64-1.76 0.97 0.57-1.64 0.60 0.30-1.19 Visits for diabetes, No.† 1.17 1.10-1.25 1.19 1.14-1.25 1.03 0.99-1.08 1.09 1.03-1.15 Specialty‡ Generalist 0.79 0.26-2.41 0.66 0.31-1.39 1.85 0.95-3.59 1.09 0.48-2.51 Mixed 0.87 0.25-3.02 0.54 0.23-1.27 1.58 0.72-3.49 0.77 0.28-2.12 Other 0.59 0.18-1.97 0.45 0.19-1.03 2.45 1.11-5.39 0.90 0.34-2.42 Age, years§ 18–34 1.26 0.53-3.01 0.70 0.36-1.34 0.36 0.19-0.69 0.75 0.30-1.85 35–44 0.81 0.52-1.25 0.89 0.62-1.27 0.76 0.52-1.10 0.94 0.57-1.53 45–54 0.96 0.72-1.28 0.84 0.67-1.05 0.81 0.64-1.02 0.81 0.60-1.11 Sex|| 0.93 0.70-1.24 0.88 0.71-1.11 0.68 0.54-0.86 1.00 0.74-1.36 Diabetes complications¶ Renal 0.57 0.25-1.26 0.72 0.37-1.41 0.78 0.40-1.52 2.04 0.89-4.67 Retinal 1.23 0.77-1.96 0.96 0.68-1.35 1.12 0.78-1.62 3.92 2.61-5.89 Neurologic 1.10 0.62-1.95 1.02 0.67-1.56 0.89 0.58-1.38 0.74 0.43-1.27 Peripheral vascular 0.91 0.43-1.94 0.68 0.38-1.24 0.82 0.45-1.50 0.69 0.32-1.50 Residence# 1.35 0.96-1.91 1.19 0.89-1.59 1.99 1.49-2.65 1.14 0.76-1.71 Ambulatory diagnostic groups** Time limited: major 0.56 0.39-0.81 0.68 0.49-0.93 0.73 0.53-1.01 0.89 0.58-1.36 Likely to recur: discrete 0.91 0.67-1.24 0.73 0.57-0.93 1.03 0.79-1.33 0.78 0.56-1.10 Chronic medical: stable 3.38 1.56-7.35 3.58 1.58-8.14 5.09 2.32-11.16 1.24 0.42-3.69 Chronic medical: unstable 1.13 0.84-1.52 1.25 0.99-1.59 1.32 1.03-1.69 1.28 0.92-1.79 Chronic specialty: stable—eye 1.31 0.85-2.01 1.13 0.82-1.54 1.07 0.77-1.49 10.35 7.08-15.11 Chronic specialty: unstable—eye 0.84 0.59-1.19 0.98 0.74-1.29 1.02 0.76-1.36 7.98 5.78-11.03 Prevention/administrative 1.74 1.32-2.30 1.64 1.32-2.06 1.62 1.28-2.04 1.08 0.80-1.46 Malignancy 1.01 0.60-1.69 0.93 0.62-1.40 0.60 0.39-0.89 1.53 0.90-2.59 Glycosylated Hemoglobin (≥1) Glycosylated Hemoglobin (≥2) Lipid Profile Eye Examination Variable OR (95% CI) OR (95% CI) OR (95% CI) OR (95% CI) OR = odds ratio; CI = confidence interval. * Compares continuity score of 1.00 with continuity score of 0.00. † Number of outpatient visits during study year for which diabetes was listed as any of 3 diagnoses. ‡ Reference group is endocrinologist. § Reference group is 55-64 years. # Reference group is male. ¶ For each diabetic complication, comparison is presence vs absence of complication. # Reference group is nonmetropolitan. ** For each ambulatory diagnostic group (ADG), comparison is presence vs absence of ADG; only ADGs significant at P <.05 for 1 or more outcomes are included in this table. Continuity* 0.73 0.41-1.33 1.14 0.70-1.86 0.88 0.53-1.47 0.70 0.35-1.36 Visits for diabetes, No.† 1.19 1.11-1.27 1.20 1.14-1.26 1.03 0.99-1.08 1.10 1.04-1.16 Specialty‡ Generalist 0.55 0.20-1.52 0.43 0.22-0.84 1.20 0.67-2.17 0.66 0.32-1.36 Mixed 0.40 0.14-1.16 0.33 0.16-0.69 0.78 0.40-1.52 0.41 0.18-0.95 Other 0.45 0.15-1.36 0.29 0.13-0.63 1.41 0.69-2.88 0.57 0.24-1.30 Age, years§ 18 - 34 1.41 0.62-3.24 0.80 0.43-1.50 0.35 0.19-0.64 1.10 0.50-2.44 35 - 44 0.93 0.60-1.43 0.94 0.66-1.33 0.78 0.54-1.11 0.94 0.59-1.51 45 - 54 0.97 0.74-1.28 0.85 0.68-1.06 0.81 0.64-1.02 0.81 0.59-1.09 Sex|| 0.90 0.68-1.19 0.86 0.69-1.08 0.66 0.52-0.83 0.95 0.71-1.27 Diabetes complications¶ Renal 0.61 0.28-1.30 0.69 0.36-1.31 0.81 0.43-1.52 1.79 0.82-3.91 Retinal 1.12 0.73-1.74 0.93 0.67-1.29 1.01 0.71-1.44 3.78 2.56-5.58 Neurologic 1.03 0.60-1.76 0.97 0.64-1.45 0.79 0.52-1.19 0.77 0.46-1.28 Peripheral vascular 1.03 0.49-2.17 0.65 0.36-1.16 0.85 0.47-1.54 0.73 0.35-1.53 Residence# 1.34 0.96-1.88 1.17 0.88-1.56 1.95 1.47-2.60 1.16 0.78-1.73 Ambulatory diagnostic groups** Time limited: major 0.56 0.39-0.79 0.70 0.51-0.95 0.75 0.55-1.02 0.91 0.61-1.38 Likely to recur: discrete 0.86 0.63-1.16 0.72 0.57-0.92 0.99 0.77-1.28 0.75 0.54-1.04 Chronic medical: stable 3.45 1.73-6.88 3.37 1.63-6.98 4.07 2.05-8.06 1.50 0.59-3.79 Chronic medical: unstable 1.14 0.85-1.51 1.32 1.05-1.66 1.39 1.09-1.77 1.29 0.93-1.78 Chronic specialty: stable—eye 1.37 0.90-2.08 1.09 0.80-1.48 1.08 0.79-1.49 10.23 7.09-14.77 Chronic specialty: unstable—eye 0.83 0.60-1.17 0.96 0.73-1.26 1.00 0.75-1.33 7.40 5.41-10.13 Prevention/administrative 1.75 1.34-2.29 1.64 1.32-2.05 1.59 1.27-2.00 1.11 0.83-1.49 Malignancy 0.93 0.56-1.53 0.91 0.61-1.35 0.57 0.38-0.85 1.49 0.89-2.51
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