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Research ArticleOriginal Articles

Assessment and Measurement of Patient-Centered Medical Home Implementation: The BCBSM Experience

Jeffrey A. Alexander, Michael Paustian, Christopher G. Wise, Lee A. Green, Michael D. Fetters, Margaret Mason and Darline K. El Reda
The Annals of Family Medicine May 2013, 11 (Suppl 1) S74-S81; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1370/afm.1472
Jeffrey A. Alexander
1University of Michigan, School of Public Health, Department of Health Management and Policy, Ann Arbor, Michigan
PhD
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  • For correspondence: jalexand@umich.edu
Michael Paustian
2Blue Cross Blue Shield of Michigan, Detroit, Michigan
PhD
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Christopher G. Wise
3University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan
PhD
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Lee A. Green
4University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
MD
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Michael D. Fetters
3University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan
MD
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Margaret Mason
2Blue Cross Blue Shield of Michigan, Detroit, Michigan
MHSA
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Darline K. El Reda
2Blue Cross Blue Shield of Michigan, Detroit, Michigan
DrPH
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    Figure 1

    PCMH implementation by practice size, December 2009.

    PCMH = patient-centered medical home.

  • Figure 2
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    Figure 2

    Patient-centered medical home implementation by domain, December 2009.

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    Table 1

    PCMH Domains of Function and Numbers of Capabilities Assessed

    No.DomainDescriptionaCapabilities, No.
    1Patient-Provider PartnershipPractice has developed and is using PCMH-related communication tools8
    2Patient RegistryAn all-payer registry is used to manage established patients in the practice18
    3Performance ReportingPerformance reports are generated that allow tracking and comparison of results for the established population of patients in the practice13
    4Individual Care ManagementPractice has ability to deliver coordinated care management services with an integrated team of multidisciplinary clinicians and a systematic approach is in place to deliver comprehensive care that addresses patients’ full range of health care needs15
    5Extended AccessPatients have 24-hour access to a clinical decision maker by telephone, and the clinical decision maker has a feedback loop within 24 hours or the next business day to the patient’s PCMH9
    6Test Results Tracking & Follow-upPractice has test-tracking process documented and in place that requires tracking and follow-up for all tests and results, with identified time frames for notifying patients of results9
    7E-prescribingPractice has adopted and uses electronic prescribing and clinical decision support tools to improve the safety, quality, and cost-effectiveness of the prescription process2
    8Preventive ServicesPrimary prevention program is in place that focuses on identifying and educating patients about personal health behaviors to reduce their risk of disease and injury8
    9Linkage to Community ServicesA comprehensive review of, and linkage to, community resources has been completed8
    10Self-Management SupportA systematic approach is in place to empower the patient to understand their central role in effectively managing their illness, making informed decisions about care, and engaging in healthy behaviors8
    11Patient Web PortalA patient Web portal is in use by the practice to allow for electronic communication between patients and physicians, and to provide greater access to medical information and technical tools12
    12Coordination of CareFor patients with selected chronic conditions, a mechanism is established for being notified of each patient admission and discharge or other type of encounter, and appropriate transition plans are in place9
    13Specialist Referral ProcessProcedures are in place to guide each phase of the specialist referral process9
    • PCMH=patient-centered medical home.

    • Note: The total number of capabilities is 128.

    • ↵a Details provided in Supplemental Appendix 2, available online only at http://annfammed.org/content/11/Suppl_1/S74/suppl/DC1.

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    Table 2

    Level of PCMH Implementation by Domain, December 2009 and June 2010 (N = 2,489)

    Mean ScoreaDecember 2009, Practices With:June 2010, Practices With:
    Domain No.PCMH DomainDecember 2009June 2010All Capabilities, No. (%)≥1 Capability, No. (%)All Capabilities, No. (%)≥1 Capability, No. (%)
    1Patient-Provider Partnership0.1990.29332 (1.3)744 (29.9)122 (4.9)1,025 (41.2)
    2Patient Registry0.1670.2662 (0.1)991 (39.8)36 (1.4)1,340 (53.8)
    3Performance Reporting0.1950.2967 (0.3)937 (37.6)85 (3.4)1,292 (51.9)
    4Individual Care Management0.1960.3251 (0.0)1,349 (54.2)1 (0.0)1,876 (75.4)
    5Extended Access0.2960.44844 (1.8)1,393 (56.0)76 (3.1)1,954 (78.5)
    6Test Results Tracking & Follow-up0.3680.52778 (3.1)1,508 (60.6)162 (6.5)1,922 (77.2)
    7E-prescribing0.4560.6011,108 (44.5)1,162 (46.7)1,477 (59.3)1,514 (60.8)
    8Preventive Services0.2000.41882 (3.3)927 (37.2)350 (14.1)1,576 (63.3)
    9Linkage to Community Services0.1740.33649 (2.0)1,094 (44.0)175 (7.0)1,602 (64.4)
    10Self-Management Support0.0810.18519 (0.8)547 (22.0)48 (1.9)1,052 (42.3)
    11Patient Web Portal0.0630.1031 (0.0)699 (28.1)6 (0.2)1,139 (45.8)
    12Coordination of Care0.0740.20026 (1.0)740 (29.7)121 (4.9)1,257 (50.5)
    13Specialist Referral Process0.1600.36726 (1.0)886 (35.6)122 (4.9)1,634 (65.6)
    TotalOverall score0.1810.3130 (0.0)1,892 (76.0)1 (0.0)2,225 (89.4)
    • PCMH=patient-centered medical home.

    • ↵a Possible scores range from 0.0 (no implementation) to 1.0 (full implementation).

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    Table 3

    Change in Implementation from December 2009 to June 2010 in Practices With Self-Reported Capabilities in Both Time Periods (N = 2,489)

    Practices Whose PCMH Capabilities:
    Domain No.PCMH DomainMean Change in Domain ScoreExpanded, No. (%)Retracted, No. (%)Remained the Same, No. (%)
    1Patient-Provider Partnership0.095603 (24.2)1 (0.0)1,885 (75.7)
    2Patient Registry0.098830 (33.3)1 (0.0)1,658 (66.6)
    3Performance Reporting0.101678 (27.2)0 (0.0)1,811 (72.8)
    4Individual Care Management0.1291,133 (45.5)2 (0.1)1,354 (54.4)
    5Extended Access0.1531,087 (43.7)2 (0.1)1,400 (56.2)
    6Test Results Tracking & Follow-up0.159882 (35.4)2 (0.1)1,605 (64.5)
    7E-prescribing0.145395 (15.9)1 (0.0)2,093 (84.1)
    8Preventive Services0.2191,121 (45.0)1 (0.0)1,367 (54.9)
    9Linkage to Community Services0.162985 (39.6)2 (0.1)1,502 (60.3)
    10Self-Management Support0.104698 (28.0)2 (0.1)1,789 (71.9)
    11Patient Web Portal0.040577 (23.2)2 (0.1)1,910 (76.7)
    12Coordination of Care0.126879 (35.3)1 (0.0)1,609 (64.6)
    13Specialist Referral Process0.2081,173 (47.1)1 (0.0)1,315 (52.8)
    TotalOverall change score0.1331,855 (74.5)2 (0.1)632 (25.4)
    • PCMH=patient-centered medical home.

Additional Files

  • Figures
  • Tables
  • Supplemental Appendixes 1-2

    Supplemental Appendix 1. PCMH Domains and Capabilities; Supplemental Appendix 2. Contextual Factors Relevant for Understanding and Transporting Study Findings

    Files in this Data Supplement:

    • Supplemental data: Appendix 1 - PDF file, 10 pages, 344 KB
    • Supplemental data: Appendix 2 - PDF file, 2 pages, 188 KB
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The Annals of Family Medicine: 11 (Suppl 1)
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Vol. 11, Issue Suppl 1
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Assessment and Measurement of Patient-Centered Medical Home Implementation: The BCBSM Experience
Jeffrey A. Alexander, Michael Paustian, Christopher G. Wise, Lee A. Green, Michael D. Fetters, Margaret Mason, Darline K. El Reda
The Annals of Family Medicine May 2013, 11 (Suppl 1) S74-S81; DOI: 10.1370/afm.1472

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Assessment and Measurement of Patient-Centered Medical Home Implementation: The BCBSM Experience
Jeffrey A. Alexander, Michael Paustian, Christopher G. Wise, Lee A. Green, Michael D. Fetters, Margaret Mason, Darline K. El Reda
The Annals of Family Medicine May 2013, 11 (Suppl 1) S74-S81; DOI: 10.1370/afm.1472
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  • PCMH
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