Abstract
PURPOSE Women family physicians experience challenges in maintaining work-life balance while practicing in rural communities. We sought to better understand the personal and professional strategies that enable women in rural family medicine to balance work and personal demands and achieve long-term career satisfaction.
METHODS Women family physicians practicing in rural communities in the United States were interviewed using a semistructured format. Interviews were recorded, professionally transcribed, and analyzed using an immersion and crystallization approach, followed by detailed coding of emergent themes.
RESULTS The 25 participants described a set of strategies that facilitated successful work-life balance. First, they used reduced or flexible work hours to help achieve balance with personal roles. Second, many had supportive relationships with spouses and partners, parents, or other members of the community, which facilitated their ability to be readily available to their patients. Third, participants maintained clear boundaries around their work lives, which helped them to have adequate time for parenting, recreation, and rest.
CONCLUSIONS Women family physicians can build successful careers in rural communities, but supportive employers, relationships, and patient approaches provide a foundation for this success. Educators, employers, communities, and policymakers can adapt their practices to help women family physicians thrive in rural communities.
INTRODUCTION
The United States faces a chronic, severe shortage of rural physicians, which has a negative impact on population health.1–4 Rural America is economically, socially, and environmentally diverse, yet residents of rural communities share common difficulties accessing health care, including longer distances to care, and a disproportionate shortage of women and minority physicians.5–8 A lack of women rural physicians especially limits access to care for women patients, who often prefer women clinicians and appear to complete more screening tests when seen by women.9 Rural female physicians are also more likely to attend births than male peers,10,11 an important practice characteristic as many rural areas have a shortage of obstetrics professionals.12,13 Promoting the success of women family physicians in rural communities is therefore important for community health.
Acknowledging that women are an essential component of the rural physician workforce,6 several studies have explored what factors attract women to rural practice and enable their success. Many rural physicians have had rural life experience.14,15 Previous studies have described common joys associated with rural practice, including multidimensional patient relationships,16–18 the variety and professional challenges associated with a broad scope of practice,10,18 the opportunity to serve one’s community,17–20 clinical autonomy,17 and the attractions of small town life.17,18,20 Rural women physicians who are most professionally satisfied report feeling connected with their communities18,19 and having control over their work environment.21 Interestingly, rural female physicians are more likely than their male counterparts to anticipate long-term rural careers.19
Women physicians also report noteworthy challenges, however. Compared with their urban peers, these physicians have fewer community resources, work more hours, and care for more patients.10,20,22 They tend to be dissatisfied with the amount of time spent away from their practices17 and are more likely to be balancing professional and personal obligations, including childcare, than their male counterparts.18,23,24 Compared with male peers, women rural physicians are also more likely to report professional isolation and lack of privacy.19,25
Interestingly, in survey studies such as these, the challenges and joys of rural practice are acknowledged by the same physicians. Women who are successfully practicing rural medicine have found a balance whereby the value outweighs the challenge of a profession that is both demanding and fulfilling. Understanding the personal and professional strategies that have enabled some female physicians to build successful, durable, and satisfying rural careers may inform women contemplating careers in rural medicine, as well as rural communities hoping to recruit and retain female physicians.
To that end, using a phenomenologic research design,26 we interviewed women family physicians actively engaged in rural practice, exploring the question, how do these physicians balance their professional and personal lives?
METHODS
We recruited women family physicians from across the United States, using the e-mail contact lists of rural health care organizations, listservs of the Society of Teachers of Family Medicine and the American Academy of Family Physicians, newsletters, and snowball sampling. We enrolled 25 respondents who self-identified as women family physicians, active in a rural medical practice. Rural practice locations were confirmed, with rural defined as having a practice zip code corresponding to a Rural-Urban Commuting Area level of 7 or higher.27 Gift cards incentivized participation.
Interviews were completed in 2012. The interviewers included 2 medical students, a public health student, 2 family physicians, and a medical educator; all described themselves to participants as researchers. We pilot tested the script with physician colleagues to refine questions and allow interviewers to practice. Interviewers used a semistructured format, first asking scripted questions, using verbatim phrasing to ensure consistency, and then asking follow-up questions to clarify responses and explore topics in greater depth. Questions pertinent to this manuscript are listed in Table 1.
Key Interview Questions
Interviews were recorded and professionally transcribed. After several interviews, additional questions were developed to explore some topics in greater depth. Transcripts were analyzed using an immersion and crystallization approach, and a list of emergent themes was developed.28 Themes were expanded and explored in detail by searching transcripts for commonalities and differences in patterning of statements. Interviews were listened to, read, and re-read iteratively by multiple team members, and through group discussion, we developed a detailed coding manual. Each interview was coded by at least 2 researchers, with the assistance of NVivo software (QSR International), creating an audit trail. We looked for heterogeneity within themes, searching for disconfirming evidence and including minority perspectives.29 Codes were cross-checked, and disagreements were discussed until consensus was reached (code-recode strategy).30 The emergent themes were critically examined to identify new discourse. Researchers engaged in a continuous process of reflexivity.31
The study was approved by the institutional review boards of Michigan State University, Columbia University, and the University of Kentucky.
RESULTS
We completed and analyzed 25 interviews. Participant demographic characteristics are shown in Table 2. The interviewed physicians represented geographically diverse states (Figure 1). Participants also varied considerably with respect to ages and life stages, but not race and ethnicity, and none described having female partners.
Characteristics of the Participants, Their Practices, and Their Partners’ Work (N = 25)
Participants’ practice locations.
Note: Numbers shown are numbers of practices.
Participants described many inherent rewards of rural practice, but also detailed conflicts between their professional demands and family lives. Some were usually able to maintain balance, but experienced intermittent periods of considerable stress. Women with young children and those new to rural practice described this stress most acutely. Although we will focus on successful women’s strategies as themes, the experiences of women with precarious work-life balance are also illustrative. Participants described several strategies that facilitated successful work-life balance, and many combined different approaches, shown in Table 3 and discussed below.
Key Strategies Supporting Rural Practice and Representative Quotes
Variations in Work Hours and Flexibility
Most participants worked full time, and the large majority of this group were satisfied putting in this number of hours. Full-time work was financially advantageous and facilitated a broad scope of practice. One-third of the study participants, however, worked a reduced schedule, and they identified doing so as a strategy to improve work-life balance and wellness. These “part-time” physicians often had very full schedules, however, despite working less than their colleagues. Some physicians had worked fewer hours at demanding times in their personal lives, for example, while they had young children.
A number of participants worked more than desired in response to community needs. For example, 1 physician’s group provided inpatient care, even though this wasn’t the group’s wish, because no other physicians were available to manage hospitalized patients. Another had increased her office schedule to accommodate the loss of a physician from the practice: “I’ve picked up an extra half day to help out.” (Physician 6)
These practices were often working to recruit staff or partners. One physician said, “I definitely need a nurse practitioner… I’ve taken 1 vacation since I opened my private practice [2 years ago]…. I need to have a day off during the week… having a half-day to do administrative work would be really nice, too.” (Physician 15) Another said, “Having just 1 more person to share the c-section call with would be key. It is hard… for people to take sustained time off. You go away for 2 or 3 weeks, that’s really hard on the others.” (Physician 16)
Others worked in settings in which part-time arrangements were not possible; this situation undermined satisfaction. One said, “My friends… [are] working 4-day weeks, outpatient-only practice, and sometimes just I feel so jealous… What I would give for just 1 day less of work a week… I don’t have that option.” (Physician 23)
Both part-time and full-time physicians emphasized that work flexibility was very important. For some, a reduced schedule allowed more control over their time: “The fact that I work part time makes it easier for me to be flexible because I can flex into those days that I don’t work, usually.” (Physician 4) Another interviewee, with more rigid scheduling, stated, “That’s probably the biggest thing that I wonder about staying here for. It’s not the call, it’s not being in a rural area, it’s just that my current work situation feels very inflexible.” (Physician 23)
Most participants had chosen to practice in a rural community, in part, because they could maintain a broad scope of practice. Many practiced obstetrics, cared for inpatients, made home visits, and delivered urgent and emergency care, in addition to their outpatient office practice. With this broad scope of practice comes unpredictability. We asked interviewees to estimate how many hours they worked each week. Many could not provide a clear number because their work was so variable. One answered, “Between 40 and 80.” (Physician 13)
Participants described an acceptance of this unpredictability, however, and a willingness to adapt to their changing circumstances. They varied the time they gave to family and recreation based on professional demands. Supportive partners with flexible schedules often facilitated this acceptance.
Supportive Relationships
Many participants described the support of their life partners as essential for career success. When asked “What advice would you give a female resident or student considering rural practice?” participants often recommended finding a supportive spouse. One said, “If I have to stop twice a month and drop what I’m doing to [deliver] a baby, I have to have somebody who is willing to watch the rest of the family and make sure that the stove gets turned off… without that you can’t have that job.” (Physician 9)
Respondents often acknowledged that their partners had made sacrifices in order to live in rural areas: “I think he’s happy now that we’re [in this community], but he has had to give up a fair amount for this. This was all really for me.” (Physician 10) They emphasized that without those sacrifices, their chosen professions would not be possible. Some spouses had left more desirable employment to allow their partners to pursue rural practice. Respondents often described an understanding that their own careers took priority over those of their male partners. Many partners were self-employed or worked part-time (Table 2). Some had professional careers but worked remotely with urban colleagues. Other partners came from rural communities, had rural occupations (such as farming), and strongly desired rural life.
The few participants whose partners would not, or could not, support the demands of their work planned to leave their positions in the near future. For example, 1 physician whose husband occasionally traveled for work felt that her current practice was not sustainable because she did not have a dependable caregiver for her child, should she be called for a delivery while her spouse was gone. She anticipated leaving her practice within the next year.
Often, male partners maintained primary responsibility for managing the household and caring for children. By taking this caregiver role, they allowed their physician partners to be more available to patients. One physician described her husband as “the glue” that holds the household together. (Physician 19)
Several other study participants were married to physicians in the same practice. In all of these 2-physician partnerships, 1 or both partners worked part time. These women described fairly egalitarian relationships, in which household work was distributed based on availability. One explained, “Every day, there’s someone who’s home in the afternoon… [who] meets the bus… that person does homework and music practice and dinner while the other person is finishing work… Whoever is working hits home at dinnertime, and so dinner’s ready, and then we have dinner together and then hang with the kids and hang together until everybody gets in bed. And then if we have charts left over, we do them after…” (Physician 4) Having a spouse with the same occupation helped facilitate understanding and support for the demands of rural practice: “I have a built-in someone to talk to about a bad day… we can spend a lot of time trying to work through difficult things.” (Physician 2)
Many participants had developed an interest in rural medicine before or during medical school, and sought out life partners who were willing to live in a rural community. For some, practicing in a rural community was a way to return home or to return to a community like their home community; 60% of our study sample was of rural origin (Table 2). Others had chosen rural practice because their partner had rural ties, made a mutual decision to move to a rural community with their partner, or chosen their partner after their rural career developed.
Finally, some families relied heavily on grandparents for assistance with child care. Often, physicians or their partners returned to their parents’ communities, in part, because this support would be available. Others were able to identify flexible caregivers outside the family.
Participants had the most difficulty finding child care for emergencies and call nights. One explained, “I’ve had a lot of people who… say, ‘Hey, if you’re on call, we can help with [your child],’ but I don’t think they understand…I have to literally be able to run out the door and be at the hospital in minutes, and it’s not practical for me to pack up my daughter and take her to somebody’s house… it’s difficult because I don’t think everybody necessarily understands the challenges of what this job means.” (Physician 22) Although finding child care was frequently identified as a challenge, most study participants were able to arrange satisfying child care.
Clear Boundaries Around Work
Participants often stated that limiting their work and protecting personal time was essential for their well-being. Although they defined boundaries differently, nearly all described limiting patient care to allow adequate time for vacation, recreation, and parenting. Most were part of group practices, allowing others to “cover” their patients. Even those in solo practice, however, described the need to maintain personal time, for example: “Once a year I take a… vacation out of the country, [and] I don’t work Sundays.” (Physician 3)
Some physicians reframed patient expectations in order to maintain their wellness. For example, 1 described being approached in public places, or called at home by patients when not working. She responded by “keep[ing]… a bit distant so that they realize that’s not okay.” She also redirected them: “I’ll give them a bit of advice but then say, ‘Call Tuesday morning and bring them in.’” (Physician 10) Another reminded patients, “I’m a mom, too… when I’m not [on call] my partner is going to be covering because I need to be with my kids.” (Physician 17) Participants reported that most patients supported their desire to maintain these boundaries.
When conflicts arose between patient care and family needs, however, participants experienced distress. Although they acknowledged the importance of caring for themselves and their families, they felt guilty when they were not available for patients. One said, “I wish, I wish, I wish that I could figure out a way to do less in my work life and more in my family life without making my patients feel like they’re not important to me, because that’s what winds up happening when I say I’m going to take time with my family.” (Physician 19) Another interviewee was contemplating leaving her practice, because “I just am not sure I can continue to deal with… situations where it’s on me to either make a decision about my child or my childcare or shutting down a clinic for a whole day and having patients be out of luck.” (Physician 22)
DISCUSSION
Women in rural family medicine continue to experience challenges in balancing the demands of work with the needs of family life. This study adds unique information to current literature by exploring ways these physicians are meeting these challenges. The opportunity for variable and flexible work scheduling, as well as the support of spouses, life partners, or other family members, were cited as key facilitating factors. Although physicians in our study reported a high sense of personal responsibility for patients, they also protected time with their families and their own need for rest and recovery. Remaining open to the unpredictable nature of rural practice helped them adapt to patients’ changing needs.
The results suggest that women physicians considering rural practice may be more satisfied and successful if they seek flexible employers and choose communities where support is available, or if they look for ways to build support networks as they are choosing practice settings. They may also benefit from developing strategies to negotiate boundaries with patients and developing skills to maintain their wellness.
Educators can help students and residents develop these skills by providing opportunities to practice self-care, set boundaries, and reflect on these issues. Educators might also consider talking explicitly with learners about seeking life partners who are willing and able to support rural practice careers, if relevant.33
Our findings have important implications for future research. It would be useful to discover whether contemporary men in rural practice face similar challenges and have undertaken similar coping strategies. Greater gender equality within physician partnerships34 appears to facilitate contemporary women physicians’ ability to build and sustain careers in rural medicine, but this same movement toward equality may make rural practice more challenging for men, who are also more likely to have long-term 2-career relationships. It would also be useful to quantitatively explore the prevalence of these coping strategies, and how they vary with age, racial and ethnic background, region, parenting styles and beliefs, and family structure. Finally, the hidden cost of rural practice for supporting partners and spouses of both genders should be explored further.
Although many women in our study had built successful careers, the obstacles to rural practice should not be minimized. Women with young children, and those new to rural practice, found this work particularly challenging. Meeting patients’ needs often required tremendous support from their families and communities. Simply creating this support took major effort. Rural practices should consider the needs of families when recruiting and retaining physicians, and should explore ways to support flexible scheduling and adequate family and personal time. Communities could also provide readily available child care, even in the middle of the night. By intentionally assessing and responding to individual physician and family needs, practices and communities may be able to create solutions that better support women physicians’ long-term satisfaction and success. Although our study was specific to rural physicians, its results also demonstrate the importance of creating national policies that support all working women and their families.
This study had some limitations. Our sample lacked diversity in the race, ethnicity, marital status, and sexual orientation of participants. Although the single women we interviewed had unique challenges, we did not have a sufficient sample size of single women to reach saturation in describing their experiences. Thus, this article focuses primarily on the experiences of physicians in long-term heterosexual relationships who have children in the home or have raised children in the past.
Approximately 84% of rural primary care physicians in the United States are non-Hispanic white.35 We could not find demographic descriptions of rural women family physicians in the literature, but it is possible that our methodology resulted in a sample that does not reflect this population. In particular, underrepresented minority women practicing in rural communities may have different experiences. This limitation is important because although many rural counties are predominantly non-Hispanic white, high numbers of African American, Hispanic, and Native American populations are geographically concentrated in several rural regions, often where health care disparities are the most acute.36–38 Finally, the study results may be influenced by our interpretation as researchers; we sought to minimize this bias by engaging in a continuous process of reflexivity.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank the American Medical Association’s Joan F. Giambalvo Fund for the Advancement of Women for their financial support; Diane Doberneck, PhD; and the physicians who graciously participated.
Footnotes
Conflicts of interest: authors report none.
Funding support: This study was supported by a scholarship from the American Medical Association’s Joan F. Giambalvo Fund for the Advancement of Women.
Disclaimer: This work represents the views of the authors and does not represent the opinions of the Joan F. Giambalvo Fund or the American Medical Association.
Previous presentations: This work was previously presented at the Society of Teachers of Family Medicine Annual Spring Conference; May 1–5, 2013; Baltimore, Maryland; the Society of Teachers of Family Medicine Conference on Medical Student Education; January 24–27, 2013; San Antonio, Texas; the North American Primary Care Research Group Annual Meeting; December 1–5, 2012; New Orleans, Louisiana; and the American Medical Association, Annual Meeting, June 14–16, 2012; Chicago, Illinois.
- Received for publication August 3, 2015.
- Revision received January 20, 2016.
- Accepted for publication February 3, 2016.
- © 2016 Annals of Family Medicine, Inc.
