Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
Unadjusted cumulative cardiovascular disease-event–free survival by blood pressure category (5 categories).
Tables
Patient Characteristics Percent With Hypertension (n = 4,616 [47%])* Percent With Prehypertension (n = 2,708 [33%])* Percent With Normal Blood Pressures (n = 1,662 [20%])* * Number in sample and percent of total. Conversion using sample weights leads to n = 30,454,438 Americans represented for hypertension, n = 21,268,419 for prehypertension, and n = 12,249,021 for normotension. Age, years 25–50 42.59 70.91 81.73 51–64 36.44 21.52 14.69 65+ 20.98 7.57 3.58 Race White 86.29 92.05 92.64 Black and other 13.71 7.95 7.36 Male 48.56 49.79 29.33 One or more risk factors 96.60 93.38 89.13 Ever smoked 59.43 67.78 64.24 Body mass index ≥ 30 kg/m2 25.59 9.35 4.09 Little or no exercise 47.69 40.35 38.51 Total cholesterol level >200 mg/dL 74.04 63.22 49.72 Previously diagnosed diabetes 5.90 2.19 0.81 Previously diagnosed congestive heart failure 1.60 0.55 0.26 Previously diagnosed myocardial infarction 5.55 2.37 1.64 Previously diagnosed stroke 2.51 0.34 0.33 - Table 2.
Relative Likelihood (Hazard Ratio) of Having a Myocardial Infarction, Stroke, or Congestive Heart Failure
Characteristics Model 1 (unadjusted)* Hazard Ratio (95% CI) CI = confidence interval. *Model 1 is unadjusted. Model 2 is adjusted for age, race, sex, smoking status, body mass index, exercise, total cholesterol level, diabetes, and history of congestive heart failure, myocardial infarction, and stroke at baseline. Hypertension (>140 mm Hg systolic or >90 mm Hg diastolic) 4.96 (4.14–5.94) Prehypertension (120–139 mm Hg systolic or 80–89 mm Hg diastolic) 1.79 (1.43–2.24) High-normal (130–139 mm Hg systolic or 85–89 mm Hg diastolic) 2.13 (1.64–2.76) Low prehypertension (120–129 mm Hg systolic or 80–84 mm Hg diastolic) 1.56 (1.23–1.98) Normal (<120 mm Hg systolic and <80 mm Hg diastolic) 1.00 Model 2 (adjusted)* Hypertension (>140 mm Hg systolic or >90 mm Hg diastolic) 2.37 (1.95–2.89) Prehypertension (120–139 mm Hg systolic or 80–89 mm Hg diastolic) 1.32 (1.05–1.65) High-normal (130–139 mm Hg systolic or 85–89 mm Hg diastolic) 1.42 (1.09–1.84) Low prehypertension (120–129 mm Hg systolic or 80–84 mm Hg diastolic) 1.24 (0.96–1.59) Normal (<120 mm Hg systolic and <80 mm Hg diastolic) 1.00
The Article in Brief
Background: Prehypertension is a blood pressure category in which systolic blood pressure (the first number in a blood pressure) is between 120-139 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure (the second blood pressure number) is 80-89 mm Hg. People with prehypertension are considered to be at greater risk of developing high blood pressure. This study examined whether they also have a higher risk of developing cardiovascular diseases, such as stroke and heart failure, than people with normal blood pressure.
What This Study Found: People with prehypertension are at greater risk of having a major cardiovascular condition than people with normal blood pressure. Most people with prehypertension also have other conditions that increase their risk of cardiovascular disease.
Implications: Prehypertension can serve as an early warning to patients and doctors to watch for high blood pressure and cardiovascular diseases.
The risk of high blood pressure and cardiovascular disease can be reduced by lifestyle changes, such as improved diet and exercise. In an editorial (titled �Prehypertension, Patient Outcomes, and the Knowledge Base of Family Medicine�) in this issue of the Annals of Family Medicine, Lee Green, MD, asks primary care doctors to think about what they can do in their practices and their communities to help patients develop healthy lifestyles.
Jump to section
Related Articles
Cited By...
- Systolic blood pressure at age 40 and 30-year stroke risk in men and women
- Accuracy of Cuff-Measured Blood Pressure: Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses
- Effects of Prehypertension and Hypertension Subtype on Cardiovascular Disease in the Asia-Pacific Region
- Progression Is Accelerated From Prehypertension to Hypertension in Blacks
- Sources of differences in estimates of obesity-associated deaths from first National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES I) hazard ratios
- Hypertension in a Population of Active Duty Service Members
- Prehypertension and hypertension in a primary care practice
- Psychosocial Factors and Progression From Prehypertension to Hypertension or Coronary Heart Disease
- Exercise Capacity and Blood Pressure Associations With Left Ventricular Mass in Prehypertensive Individuals
- Prehypertension Revisited
- Prevalence of Prehypertension and Associated Cardiovascular Risk Profiles Among Young Israeli Adults
- Rho Kinase Polymorphism Influences Blood Pressure and Systemic Vascular Resistance in Human Twins: Role of Heredity
- Early Phenotypic Changes in Hypertension: A Role for the Autonomic Nervous System and Heredity
- Strength from Vulnerability
- Prehypertension, Patient Outcomes, and the Knowledge Base of Family Medicine
- In This Issue: Patient Outcomes, the Process of Care, and the Capacity for Innovation