Article Figures & Data
Tables
Characteristic No. (%) Mean (SD) Median HDL = high-density lipoprotein. Male 213 (43) – – Female 283 (57) – – Age, years – 57.83 (9.86) 58.00 Family income (in $1,000) – 52.00 (36.00) 45.50 Education, years – 14.57 (3.33) 14.00 Number of comorbidities – 3.80 (2.50) 4.00 Body mass index – 32.73 (7.74) 31.70 Years with diabetes – 8.10 (7.50) 6.00 HbA1C, % – 7.2 (1.44) 7.0 Non-HDL cholesterol, mg/dL – 138.42 (47.52) 147.52 Ethnicity – – African American 102 (20.50) – – Hispanic 96 (19.30) – – Asian American 83 (16.80) – – Non-Hispanic white 182 (36.70) – – Other 33 (6.70) – – Scale Item or Scale Total Correlation With DDS17a DDS = Diabetes Distress Scale; EB = emotion burden; RB = regimen distress. Note: All correlations based on N = 496, P >.001. a Correlations are φ coefficients. b From EB and RD subscales. 1. Feeling overwhelmed with the demands of living with diabetes. (EB)b .61 2. Feeling that I am often failing with my diabetes routine. (RD)b .60 3. Not feeling motivated to keep up my diabetes self-management. (RD)b .59 4. Feeling angry, scared, and/or depressed when I think about living with diabetes. (EB)b .56 DDS2: above items 1 and 2 .69 DDS3: above items 1, 2, and 3 .69 DDS4: above items 1, 2, 3, and 4 .71 - Table 3.
Cross-tabulated Results for Each Diabetes Distress Scale (DDS) Item or Composite Score With the DDS17 Criterion
Item and Scale Correctly Screened (%) False Positive (%) False Negative (%) Item 1 86.7 15.4 13.3 Item 2 92.7 23.6 3.3 Item 3 90.0 18.4 10.0 Item 4 83.3 17.3 16.7 DDS2 (items 1, 2) 96.7 15.1 3.3 DDS3 (items 1, 2, 3) 93.3 13.5 6.7 DDS4 (items 1, 2, 3, 4) 96.7 13.7 3.3 - Table 4.
Comparisons Between High- and Low-Distressed Patients on 6 Biobehavioral Measures
DDS Scale HbA1c Non-HDL Cholesterol Kilocalories Saturated Fat % Number of Fruit, Vegetable Servings IPAQ (Physical Activity) DDS = Diabetes Distress Scale; HbA1c = glycated hemoglobin; HDL = high-density lipoprotein; IPAQ = International Physical Activity Questionnaire. a Student’s t test (probability). DDS17 High 7.65 (1.49) 146.96 (49.73) 1815.96 (1211.48) 0.12 (0.03) 6.28 (5.11) 1914.87 (2386.94) Low 7.17 (1.42) 136.34 (46.02) 1277.65 (641.83) 0.12 (0.04) 5.21 (3.41) 2540.63 (2751.22) t(p)a 2.84 (0.005) 1.94 (0.05) 5.97 (0.00) 1.12 (0.26) 2.44 (0.02) 1.98 (0.05) DDS2 High 7.74 (1.61) 144.45 (51.70) 1629.30 (1065.87) 0.13 (0.03) 5.61 (4.59) 2229.64 (2777.99) Low 7.05 (1.32) 135.74 (44.44) 1263.24 (627.33) 0.12 (0.04) 5.31 (3.40) 2510.38 (2666.78) t(p)a 5.00 (0.00) 1.90 (0.05) 4.78 (0.00) 2.08 (0.04) 0.81 (0.42) 1.06 (0.29) DDS3 High 7.66 (1.46) 145.50 (53.17) 1688.38 (1065.51) 0.13 (0.03) 5.80 (4.76) 1967.59 (2317.29) Low 7.10 (1.42) 135.62 (44.03) 1253.15 (631.88) 0.11 (0.04) 5.26 (3.34) 2603.36 (2823.23) t(p)a 3.86 (0.00) 2.11 (0.04) 5.61 (0.00) 2.31 (0.02) 1.42 (0.16) 2.35 (0.02) DDS4 High 7.61 (1.51) 145.16 (50.04) 1693.82 (1077.53) 0.13 (0.03) 5.82 (4.69) 2085.87 (2668.92) Low 7.12 (1.40) 135.65 (45.38) 1246.06 (613.61) 0.12 (0.04) 5.25 (3.36) 2563.21 (2711.00) t(p)a 3.50 (0.001) 2.05 (0.04) 5.83 (0.00) 2.76 (0.006) 1.54 (0.13) 1.77 (0.08)
Additional Files
Supplemental Appendixes
Supplemental Appendix 1. Diabetes Distress Scale, English (DDS17E); Supplemental Appendix 2. La Escala de Aflicci�n Sobre la Diabetes, Spanish (DDS17S; Supplemental Appendix 3. The 2-Item Diabetes Distress Screening Scale, English (DDS2E); Supplemental Appendix 4. Revision de Escala de Aflicci�n Sobre la Diabetes, Spanish (DDS2S);Supplemental Appendix 5. Diabetes Distress Scale (DDS17) Scoring Sheet.
Files in this Data Supplement:
- Supplemental data: Appendix 1-5 - PDF file, 5 pages, 142 KB
The Article in Brief
Background Diabetes distress is a condition in which patients with diabetes have concerns about managing their condition, receiving understanding and appropriate support from others, getting needed care, and feeling overwhelmed by the disease. Until now, there has been no time-efficient tool to help doctors screen patients for diabetes distress. This article reports the development of a diabetes distress screening tool.
What This Study Found The DDS2 is a brief, 2-question tool for detecting diabetes distress. For patients who screening test is positive for diabetes distress, a more detailed tool (the DDS17) can be administered. The DDS17 provides more information about the type of distress the patient is experiencing and helps guide treatment of those symptoms.
Implications
- The DDS2 and DDS17 are not substitutes for depression screening. Diabetes patients should be screened for both diabetes distress and depression.
- Future research is needed to determine whether patients with other chronic health conditions have similar types of distress.
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