Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1
Recruitment and assessments of participants.
- Figure 2
Comparison of glycemic control in agreed trainees, refused trainees, and the comparison group during a 4-year observational period.
Data were presented as mean ± SE.
P = .001: Comparison of HbA1c at extension year 2013 among the accepted trainees, refused trainees, and the comparison group.
Tables
- Table 1
Clinical, Psychological, and Behavioral Characteristics at Baseline and After 6 Months for Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Who Joined the Training Program (Trainee Group) and Those Under Usual Care (Comparison Group)
Trainee Group n = 79 Comparison Group n = 60 Between Groups P Valuea Baseline Month 6 Baseline Month 6 Demographics and lifestyle Age, y, mean ± SD 55.6 ± 11.5 56.5 ± 10.9 Male (%) 35b 65 High school or above (%) 12.5 20.6 Disease duration, y, mean ± SD 11.0 ± 6.7 8.3 ± 6.6 Non-smoker (%) 93.6 87.9 Clinical characteristics HbA1c, mean ± SD 7.1 ± 0.3 7.1 ± 1.1 7.1 ± 0.5 7.3 ± 1.1 .02 Fasting plasma glucose, mg/dL, mean ± SD 137 ± 43 137 ± 20 142 ± 42 144 ± 43 .56 Systolic blood pressure, mmHg, mean ± SD 127 ± 13.6 123 ± 14.8 129 ± 29.5 122 ± 54.0 .28 Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg, mean ± SD 71 ± 7.0 72 ± 12.5 77 ± 17.0 79 ± 11.2 .15 Total cholesterol, mg/dL, mean ± SD 180 ± 30 170 ± 39c 170 ± 25 170 ± 20 .04 Triglyceride, mg/dL, mean (IQR) 124 (70–168) 124 (53–160) 124 (62–186) 132 (88–204) .39 HDL-cholesterol, mg/dL, mean (IQR) 58 (31–77) 58 (35–81) 46 (31–77 46 (31–77) .20 LDL-cholesterol, mg/dL, mean ± SD 100 ± 27 93 ± 31c 97 ± 23 93 ± 23 .15 Questionnaires DES total score, mean ± SD 37.9 ± 6.71 37.0 ± 7.38 41.0 ± 8.02 40.4 ± 9.77 .42 GHQ total score, mean ± SD 44.4 ± 3.93 43.3 ± 3.67 45.5 ± 4.63 45.1 ± 4.06 .09 DASS total score, mean (IQR) 4 (2–9) 3 (0–7) 6 (2–9) 5 (1–8) .68 PHQ total score, mean (IQR) 2 (1–3) 1 (0–2)c 2 (0–3) 1 (0–3) .21 EQ-5D index, mean (IQR) 1 (0.80–1) 1 (0.82–1) 1 (0.80–1) 1 (0.81–1) .34 EQ-5D VAS, mean ± SD 81.6 ± 11.5 81.8 ± 10.7 81.6 ± 12.4 79.0 ± 11.5 .25 SDSCA General diet, mean ± SD 4.73 ± 1.63 5.57 ± 1.32c 4.6 ± 1.8 4.62 ± 1.88 .01 Special diet,d mean ± SD 4.55 ± 1.27 5.32 ± 1.3c 4.42 ± 1.7 4.46 ± 1.5 .008 Exercise, mean ± SD 4.55 ± 2.15 4.63 ± 2.07 3.83 ± 2.32 3.65 ± 2.07 .07 Glucose monitoring, mean ± SD 2.58 ± 1.81b 2.89 ± 1.77 2.33 ± 2.08 2.52 ± 2.21 .47 Foot care, mean ± SD 4.97 ± 1.78 5.66 ± 1.44c 4.31 ± 2.18 4.27 ± 1.95 .001 Medication adherence, mean ± SD 6.81 ± 1.06b 6.59 ± 1.41 5.95 ± 1.84 6.3 ± 1.6 .75 ↵a Between-group comparison of change from baseline to month 6 adjusted for gender.
↵b P <.05 between-group comparison at baseline.
↵c P <.05 within-group comparison.
↵d Special diet: fruit/vegetable and high-fat food consumption.
Note: These are the score ranges for assessment tools:
DES: 20-item Diabetes Empowerment Scale, range 20–100; higher score means better self-efficacy.
GHQ: 12-item General Health Questionnaire, range 0–36; higher score means poorer psychological health.
DASS: 21-item Depression Anxiety Stress Scale, range 0–63; higher score means more depression, anxiety and stress.
PHQ: 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire, range 0–27; higher score means more depression.
EQ-5D index score: 5-item Euroqol; UK traffic was used; range -0.594 to 1; higher score means better health-related quality of life.
EQ-5D VAS: Visual Analogue Scale of EQ-5D, range 0–100; higher score means better self-rated health status.
SDSCA: (14-item Summary of Diabetes Self Care Assessment, range: 0–98; higher score means better self-care.
- Table 2
Clinical, Psychological, and Behavioral Characteristics at Baseline and 6 Months of Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Who Agreed to Become Peer Supporters (Agreed Trainees) And Patients Who Refused (Refused Trainees) After Attending The Training Program
Agreed Trainees (n = 33) Refused Trainees (n = 26) Between Groups P Valuea Baseline Month 6 Baseline Month 6 Demographics and lifestyle Age, y, mean ± SD 55.6 ± 11.5 53.8 ± 14.8 Male (%) 35 20 High school or above (%) 20.6 12.5 Disease duration, y, mean ± SD 11.3 ± 6.7 12.6 ± 6.4 Non-smoker (%) 93.8 92.9 Clinical characteristics 125.1 HbA1c, mean ± SD 7.0 ±2 7.0 ± 0.6 7.1 ± 0.4 7.1 ± 0.5 .38 Fasting plasma glucose, mg/dL 135 ± 41 117 ± 31b 140 ± 61 137 ± 43 .04 Systolic blood pressure, mmHg, mean ± SD 125 ± 12.3 123 ± 10. 7 127 ± 14.4 125 ± 19.9 .17 Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg, mean ± SD 72 ± 9.5 73 ± 9.9 69 ± 6.2 72 ± 12.4 .27 Total cholesterol, mg/dL, mean ± SD 174 ± 35 155 ± 50b 182 ± 35 170 ± 39 .81 Triglyceride, mg/dL, mean (IQR) 124 (97–160) 142 (97–186) 124 (53–160) 124 (53–142) .16 HDL-cholesterol, mg/dL, mean (IQR) 50 (42–58) 46 (38–54) 58 (46–66) 58 (6–77) .41 LDL-cholesterol, mg/dL, mean ± SD 97 ± 31 89 ± 35b 104 ± 22 100 ± 23 .69 Questionnaires DES mean score, mean ± SD 4.18 ± 0.35 4.13 ± 0.27 4.02 ± 0.35 3.97 ± 0.15 .20 GHQ total score, mean ± SD 43.5 ± 3.8c 43 ± 3.82 46.2 ± 4.2 44.3 ± 2.76 .45 DASS total score, mean (IQR) 4 (2–9) 3 (0–8) 6 (3–14) 3.5 (1.8–11.8) .67 PHQ total score, mean (IQR) 2 (1–3) 0 (0–2)b 2 (0–4) 2 (1–3) .33 EQ-5D index, mean (IQR) 1 (0.80–1) 1 (0.82–1) 1 (0.80–1) 0.80 (0.15–1) .009 EQ-5D VAS, mean ± SD 84.6 ± 7.7c 88.1 ± 8.9 74.5 ± 14.2 76.1 ± 15.2 .95 SDSCA General diet, mean ± SD 4.59 ± 1.62 5.76 ± 0.95b 4.11 ± 2.01 5.3 ± 2.11 .52 Special diet,d mean ± SD 4.62 ± 1.28 5.78 ± 1.30b 4.39 ± 1.39 5.17 ± 1.28 .39 Exercise, mean ± SD 4.48 ± 1.95 4.76 ± 2.06 3.68 ± 2.28 4.4 ± 2.12 .56 Glucose monitoring, mean ± SD 2.82 ± 1.94 3.17 ± 1.89 3.23 ± 2.47 2.5 ± 1.78 .63 Foot care, mean ± SD 4.85 ± 1.82 5.79 ± 1.45b 4.33 ± 1.87 5.4 ± 1.43 .09 Medication adherence, mean ± SD 6.79 ± 1.11 6.54 ± 1.5 6.45 ± 1.48 7 ± 0.85 .31 ↵a Between-group comparison of change from baseline to month 6.
↵b P <.05 within-group comparison.
↵c P <.05 between-group comparison at baseline.
↵d Special diet: fruit/vegetable and high-fat food consumption.
Note: These are the score ranges for assessment tools:
DES: 20-item Diabetes Empowerment Scale, range 20–100; higher score means better self-efficacy.
GHQ: 12-item General Health Questionnaire, range 0–36; higher score means poorer psychological health.
DASS: 21-item Depression Anxiety Stress Scale, range 0–63; higher score means more depression, anxiety and stress.
PHQ: 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire, range 0–27; higher score means more depression.
EQ-5D index score: 5-item Euroqol; UK traffic was used; range -0.594 to 1; higher score means better health-related quality of life.
EQ-5D VAS: Visual Analogue Scale of EQ-5D, range 0–100; higher score means better self-rated health status.
SDSCA: (14-item Summary of Diabetes Self Care Assessment, range: 0–98; higher score means better self-care.
