Article Figures & Data
Tables
Characteristic UM (n = 11,151) BH (n = 3,260) P Value Age, mean (SD) 65.0 (8.7) 65.6 (8.6) <.001 Gender, No. (%) <.001 Female 6,242 (56.0) 2,056 (63.1) Male 4,909 (44.0) 1,204 (36.9) Race, No. (%) <.001 White 9,548 (85.6) 2,786 (85.5) Black 799 (7.2) 271 (8.3) Other 689 (6.2) 112 (3.4) Unknown 115 (1.0) 91 (2.8) Ethnicity, No. (%) <.001 Hispanic 199 (1.8) 16 (0.5) Non-Hispanic 10,413 (93.4) 2,931 (89.9) Unknown 539 (4.8) 313 (9.6) Marital status, No. (%) <.001 Married/significant other 7,200 (64.6) 1,951 (59.9) Divorced/separated 496 (4.5) 399 (12.2) Other 3,092 (27.7) 905 (27.8) Unknown 363 (3.3) 5 (0.2) Smoking status, No. (%) <.001 Yes 1,189 (10.7) 442 (13.6) Quit 4,108 (36.8) 1,313 (40.3) Never 5,849 (52.5) 1,484 (45.5) Unknown 5 (0.04) 21 (0.6) Hypertension, No. (%) 4,562 (40.9) 1,247 (38.3) .007 Diabetes, No. (%) 1,819 (16.3) 489 (15.0) .084 Alcohol abuse, No. (%) 175 (1.6) 98 (3.0) <.001 Insurance, No. (%) <.001 Private 6,632 (59.5) 1,178 (36.1) Medicare/federal 3,905 (35.0) 1,066 (32.7) Medicaid 513 (4.6) 190 (5.8) Uninsured 101 (0.9) 11 (0.3) Unknown 0 (0.0) 815 (25.0) Study Location Baseline (Aggregate Dataa) % (No./Total) Study Period (Aggregate Dataa) % (No./Total) Study Period (BPA Reportb) % (No./Total) UM 3.2 (370/11,554) 14.4 (2,240/15,602) 13.3 (1,487/11,151) BH 0.7 (50/7,606) 4.7 (432/9,283) 5.3 (173/3,260) Totalc 2.2 (420/19,160) 10.7 (2,672/24,885) 11.5 (1,660/14,411) BH = Beaumont Health; BPA = best practice alert; UM = University of Michigan
↵a Referrals captured from all patients seen during study period at both sites.
↵b Referrals captured through BPA report on consented patients at BH and all patients (consented and non-consented de-identified) at UM.
↵c P < .001 for both institutions vs baseline rates.
Characteristic HHI <10 (n = 4,409) HHI ≥10 (n = 1,484) P Value Age, mean (SD) 64.8 (7.9) 65.6 (8.5) <.001 Male, No. (%) 1,604 (36.4) 717 (48.3) <.001 White, No. (%) 3,811 (88.2) 1,328 (91.1) .002 High blood pressure, No. (%) 1,680 (38.1) 607 (40.9) .056 Diabetic, No. (%) 664 (15.1) 269 (18.1) .005 Smoker, No. (%) 440 (10.7) 151 (10.7) .973 Referred to audiology, No. (%) 401 (9.1) 415 (28.0) <.001 HHI = hearing handicap inventory.
Characteristic Full Sample (n = 13,381) Sample With HHI (n = 4,964) OR (95% CI) P Value OR (95% CI) P Value Age 0.99 (0.98-1.02) .95 1.00 (0.99-1.01) .98 Male 1.05 (0.94-1.16) .40 0.99 (0.87-1.14) .98 White 1.27 (1.17-1.39) <.001 1.01 (0.82-1.24) .93 High blood pressure 1.06 (0.99-1.14) .10 0.97 (0.89-1.05) .44 Diabetic 1.17 (1.04-1.32) .007 1.18 (0.97-1.43) .10 Smoker 0.84 (0.74-0.94) .003 1.14 (0.86-1.51) .37 Insurance Private Reference Reference Medicare/federal 1.12 (0.96-1.31) .13 1.12 (0.99-1.27) .09 Medicaid 1.11 (0.83-1.48) .46 0.94 (0.55-1.60) .81 Uninsured 0.68 (0.36-1.29) .22 1.23 (0.41-3.73) .71 Institution (Ref = BH) 2.58 (1.65-4.02) <.001 4.71 (2.89-7.68) <.001 Clinic intervention time (Months) 0.96 (0.93-0.99) .03 0.94 (0.90-0.99) .04 HHI >10 3.67 (3.19-4.21) <.001 BH = Beaumont Health; HHI = hearing handicap inventory; GEE = generalized estimating equations.
Findings Values Pure tone average, dB loss Better ear, mean (SD) 25.0 (11.9) Worse ear, mean (SD) 30.7 (14.5) Speech reception threshold, dB loss (n = 537) Better ear, mean (SD) 21.3 (10.3) Worse ear, mean (SD) 25.2 (13.6) Word recognition (n = 538) Better ear, % correct mean (SD) 96.8 (6.3) Worse ear, % correct mean (SD) 94.1 (12.1) Hearing aid candidate, No. (%) 353 (65.4) Classification of HL (based on better ear), No. (%)a No loss 306 (56.7) Slight/mild 172 (31.9) Moderate 57 (10.6) Severe 5 (0.9) Classification of HL (based on worse ear), No. (%)a No loss 229 (42.4) Slight/mild 185 (34.3) Moderate 103 (19.1) Severe 21 (3.9) Profound 2 (0.4) dB = decibel; HL = hearing loss.
↵a Based on WHO criteria.49
