Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1A.
Proportion of adult population reporting gabapentinoid, gabapentin, and pregabalin use.
Note: Figure reports the proportion of the adult population who reported any applicable medication during the year, 2002-2021.
- Figure 1B.
Probability of gabapentinoid medication user by age.
Note: Three separate multivariable logistic regressions were used with age modeled as a restricted cubic spline with 4 knots between 3 different time periods.
- Figure 1C.
Proportion of gabapentinoid medication user by number of included medication classes.
Note: Included medication classes include opioids, muscle relaxants, benzodiazepines, serotonin and norephinephrine re-uptake inhibitors (SNRIs), and tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs).
- Figure 1D.
Proportion of adult population using gabapentinoid during first, second, or both years.
Note: Analysis of the longitudinal MEPS files analyzing the proportion of the adult population who reported a gabapentinoid during first, second, or both survey years. Panels 7-24 (2002-2020) were included in the analysis.
Data from the 2002-2021 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey.
Tables
CCSR and (ICD-10-CM) Codes Adult Population With the Medical Condition Reported, % Adult Population With Condition and Gabapentinoid, % Individuals With Condition That Reported Gabapentinoid, % Odds Ratio of Gabapentinoid With Conditiona Polyneuropathies NVS015 (ICD10: G62) 1.2 (1.1-1.3) 0.8 (0.7-0.9) 69.5 (66.1-72.8) 59.2 (50.4-69.6) Low back pain or spondylopathies/spondyloarthropathy (including infective) MUS011 or MUS038 (ICD10: M43, M47, M48, M50, M511, M53, M54, M62) 6.0 (5.8-6.3) 1.1 (1.0-1.2) 21.0 (19.6-22.6) 6.9 (6.3-7.6) Nervous system pain and pain syndromes NVS019 (ICD10: G89) 1.5 (1.4-1.7) 0.4 (0.3-0.5) 25.9 (22.9-29.1) 8.0 (6.8-9.4) Musculoskeletal pain, not low back pain MUS010 (ICD10: M25, M54, M79) 12.4 (12.0-12.7) 1.5 (1.4-1.7) 12.4 (11.5-13.3) 4.0 (3.7-4.4) Fibromyalgia ICD10 M79 and MUS025 (ICD10: M71, M72, M75, M79) 2.4 (2.2-2.5) 0.9 (0.8-1.0) 36.9 (34.1-40.0) 15.2 (13.4-17.2) Mononeuropathy (nerve and nerve root disorders) NVS017 (ICD10: G56, G57, G58) 1.5 (1.4-1.6) 0.4 (0.4-0.5) 29.0 (25.9-32.4) 9.5 (8.0-11.2) Zoster ICD10: B02 0.5 (0.5-0.6) 0.1 (0.1-0.1) 15.8 (12.2-20.1) 4.0 (3.0-5.4) Seizure disorder NVS009 (ICD10: G40, R56) 1.0 (0.9-1.0) 0.2 (0.1-0.2) 19.4 (15.9-23.4) 5.3 (4.1-6.8) Anxiety disorder MBD005 (ICD10: F41) 9.7 (9.3-10.0) 1.1 (1.0-1.2) 11.4 (10.5-12.2) 3.3 (3.0-3.6) Headache, including migraine NVS010 (ICD10: G43, G44, R51) 3.4 (3.2-3.6) 0.5 (0.4-0.5) 13.1 (11.7-14.8) 3.5 (3.0-4.0) Insomnia NVS016 (ICD10: F51, G47) 5.7 (5.4-6.0) 1.0 (0.9-1.1) 17.5 (16.2-18.8) 5.5 (4.9-6.0) Diabetes Self-report of diabetes 11.1 (10.7-11.5) 1.6 (1.4-1.7) 14.0 (13.1-15.0) 4.7 (4.3-5.2) CCSR = Clinical Classifications Software Refined; ICD-10-CM = International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification.
Note: Medical conditions were identified from the 2017-2021 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS). Percentage of the population is the percent of the adult population reporting a medical condition associated with a medical event, the percentage of the population with the condition and any gabapentinoid, and percentage of individuals reporting a gabapentinoid among individuals with the condition. The unadjusted odds ratio represents the odds ratio of an individual uses a gabapentinoid if they reported the medical condition compared with individuals who did not report the condition.
↵a Odds ratios have a P <0.001.
