Skip to main content

Main menu

  • Home
  • Current Issue
  • Content
    • Current Issue
    • Early Access
    • Multimedia
    • Podcast
    • Collections
    • Past Issues
    • Articles by Subject
    • Articles by Type
    • Supplements
    • Plain Language Summaries
    • Calls for Papers
  • Info for
    • Authors
    • Reviewers
    • Job Seekers
    • Media
  • About
    • Annals of Family Medicine
    • Editorial Staff & Boards
    • Sponsoring Organizations
    • Copyrights & Permissions
    • Announcements
  • Engage
    • Engage
    • e-Letters (Comments)
    • Subscribe
    • Podcast
    • E-mail Alerts
    • Journal Club
    • RSS
    • Annals Forum (Archive)
  • Contact
    • Contact Us
  • Careers

User menu

  • My alerts

Search

  • Advanced search
Annals of Family Medicine
  • My alerts
Annals of Family Medicine

Advanced Search

  • Home
  • Current Issue
  • Content
    • Current Issue
    • Early Access
    • Multimedia
    • Podcast
    • Collections
    • Past Issues
    • Articles by Subject
    • Articles by Type
    • Supplements
    • Plain Language Summaries
    • Calls for Papers
  • Info for
    • Authors
    • Reviewers
    • Job Seekers
    • Media
  • About
    • Annals of Family Medicine
    • Editorial Staff & Boards
    • Sponsoring Organizations
    • Copyrights & Permissions
    • Announcements
  • Engage
    • Engage
    • e-Letters (Comments)
    • Subscribe
    • Podcast
    • E-mail Alerts
    • Journal Club
    • RSS
    • Annals Forum (Archive)
  • Contact
    • Contact Us
  • Careers
  • Follow annalsfm on Twitter
  • Visit annalsfm on Facebook
Research ArticleResearch Brief

Genital Tucking Practices in Transgender and Gender Diverse Patients

Nicholas Kidd, Kelley Mark, Marina Dart, Catherine Casey and Lisa Rollins
The Annals of Family Medicine March 2024, 22 (2) 149-153; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1370/afm.3076
Nicholas Kidd
1University of Virginia Department of Family Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
MD
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • For correspondence: nhk2fk@uvahealth.org
Kelley Mark
2University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Marina Dart
2University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Catherine Casey
1University of Virginia Department of Family Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
MD
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Lisa Rollins
1University of Virginia Department of Family Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
PhD
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • Article
  • Figures & Data
  • eLetters
  • Info & Metrics
  • PDF
Loading

Abstract

Genital tucking (tucking) is the practice of hiding or minimizing the appearance of one’s genitals and gonads. We aimed to better understand the prevalence of tucking and its potential effect on behavior and health. An online questionnaire was distributed to adults with a diagnosis of gender dysphoria or gender incongruence (n = 98). The risk of side effects increased with the length of tucking sessions (P = 0.046) with many patients avoiding medical care despite experiencing side effects. Health care providers should empathetically discuss tucking and its potential risks and benefits with transgender and gender diverse patients. Further research is needed to better quantify the potential risks involved with tucking and to assist in developing educational resources.

Key words:
  • gender affirming health care
  • genital tucking
  • gender incongruence
  • gender dysphoria
  • transgender
  • gender diverse individuals

INTRODUCTION

Transgender and gender diverse individuals often experience significant harassment, abuse, and discrimination which can impact their self-beliefs and lead to negative health outcomes.1,2 As a result, they require care from enlightened health care providers and gender-affirming health systems.3

Transgender women are assigned male at birth and experience distress (dysphoria) regarding the discordance between their female gender identity and sex assigned at birth. Gender diverse is a term inclusive of nonbinary, eunuch, and intersex individuals who experience a gender identity that is not solely male or female.1 Transgender and gender diverse people may choose to hide or minimize the appearance of their genitals and gonads—a practice known as genital tucking (tucking). Tucking may be done with tape, underwear, or a special type of undergarment known as a gaff. This may or may not also involve pushing their gonads into the inguinal canal.4 Recent data suggest that tucking is correlated with reduced sperm quality.5,6 Prior survey data on this population suggests the risk of additional side effects but has not assessed individual perceptions regarding tucking or any associated effects on emotional health.7

The goal of this study was to improve our understanding of tucking, including prevalence, frequency, duration, attitudes regarding tucking, and self-perceived concern regarding potential and/or experienced side effects.

METHODS

We developed an anonymous survey, in English, using Qualtrics (Silver Lake Technology Management, LLC) software. The survey contained 27 questions in closed and open formats. Face validity was sought through review with 2 University of Virginia (UVA) committees: (1) the Gender Health Committee and (2) the Transgender Community Advisory Board.

We identified potential study participants by sorting for relevant International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision (ICD-10) codes (eg, “gender dysphoria”) of established patients in the electronic medical record in 6 health system clinics. Exclusion criteria included individuals aged 17 years or younger and those assigned female at birth. Patients were invited to participate via an online web link through the MyChart patient portal. We provided a $25 Amazon gift card as an incentive to the first 100 participants via optional linked contact information to protect anonymity. The survey was administered from September to November 2022. Data analyses included descriptive statistics, χ2 test for variance in relation to the duration of tucking and reported side effects, fishers exact test in relation to age and tucking frequency, and qualitative analysis using thematic coding with 4 independent raters. Variability in denominators is due to participants skipping questions. This study was deemed exempt by the Institutional Review Board.

RESULTS

The survey was distributed to 300 individuals with 98 responses (33% response rate). Respondents’ ages ranged from 18 years to over 70 years. There was no identified association between age and either frequency or duration of tucking (P = 0.868).

Tucking was learned about from peers, experimentation, or Internet sources. Seventy-nine percent of respondents reported tucking, with 35% daily, 17% a couple of days per week, 13% a couple of days per month or every few months, and 14% a couple of days per year. Forty-three percent of respondents began tucking at the age of 18 years or younger. Fifty-one percent reported tucking from 8 to 13 hours per day.

Of respondents who tucked, 52% reported taking breaks from tucking with breaks ranging from a couple of hours to months. Fifty-one respondents (65%) experienced at least 1 side effect from tucking (Figure 1), with gonad pain reported most frequently (32%). Seven respondents (10%) sought medical care for their side effects. Risk of side effects increased with cumulative daily duration of tucking χ2 (5, n = 75) = 11.27; P = 0.046.

Figure 1.
  • Download figure
  • Open in new tab
  • Download powerpoint
Figure 1.

Patient responses to question “Have you ever personally experienced any of the following symptoms that you attribute to tucking? (Please check all that apply).”

Note: n = 79.

While 70% of respondents felt they would be comfortable or very comfortable discussing tucking with their health care provider, only 23% reported having discussed tucking. A majority of participants felt that it would be helpful for clinicians to openly discuss the potential risks and benefits of tucking. Suggestions for clinicians included: asking permission, using inclusive and empathic language, explaining the reasoning behind broaching the topic, and being knowledgeable about methods and potential risks of tucking. Representative responses for each question are identified in Table 1.

View this table:
  • View inline
  • View popup
Table 1.

Representative Responses to Open-Ended Survey Questions

DISCUSSION

Genital tucking is a common method transgender and gender diverse people use to alleviate dysphoria and feel safer. It is important to note, however, that tucking frequency and practices are individualized; some participants choose not to tuck or only tuck infrequently. The reported side effects in our population were similar to prior published survey data with predominantly mild side effects such as pain, itching, and rash.7 Major side effects were rarely reported.

Despite many participants experiencing side effects and some viewing any associated pain as a “necessary evil,” few had ever discussed tucking with their clinician(s). Participants cited prior traumatic medical interactions, dysphoria regarding discussing their anatomy, and concern for a potentially invasive exam as reasons for reticence. This is exacerbated by clinicians often feeling uncomfortable about their lack of knowledge of the topic. Despite this, the majority of participants encouraged clinicians to discuss tucking with their patients in an empathetic manner. Clinicians are encouraged to ask patients if they would like to discuss risks, benefits, and safe methods of tucking and ask about preferred anatomy terminology, as the words penis and testicles may be offensive to this population. This discussion may be of particular benefit to those who tuck for 8 or more hours per day as these individuals appear to be more likely to experience side effects.

Clinicians should assess motivations and ambivalence regarding tucking as well as discuss potential risks including impaired fertility, pain, itching, rash, and less likely but potentially more severe risks such as testicular torsion and infection. Impaired fertility appears to be reversible though there is insufficient evidence about reversibility of other side-effects.5 Respondents called for more health care–provided educational materials such as printouts or media to help guide safe practice; however, the paucity of published data makes creating evidence-based materials challenging.

Study limitations include limited sample size and generalizability. Respondents were recruited from 1 health care system and its catchment area. This study is at risk for non-response bias which may favor responses toward those who tuck more frequently or who experience more frequent or severe side effects. No demographic data other than age were collected to enhance anonymity. Further research is needed to identify the safety profile of tucking in order to help guide effective, evidence-based education for patients and clinicians. Additionally, future research is recommended to assess the effect of hormone treatment and gender-affirming surgery on individuals who tuck.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank Dr Cornelius Normeshie for statistical support and Dr Fern Hauck for methodological support and review of the manuscript.

Footnotes

  • Conflicts of interest: authors report none.

  • Read or post commentaries in response to this article.

  • Funding support: The University of Virginia Department of Family Medicine pilot research grant.

  • Received for publication April 11, 2023.
  • Revision received November 8, 2023.
  • Accepted for publication November 20, 2023.
  • © 2024 Annals of Family Medicine, Inc.

REFERENCES

  1. 1.↵
    1. E. Coleman,
    2. A. E. Radix,
    3. W. P. Bouman, et al.
    Standards of care for the health of transgender and gender diverse people, version 8. Int J Transgend Health. 2022; 23(sup1): S1-S259. doi:10.1080/26895269.2022.2100644
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  2. 2.↵
    1. White Hughto JM,
    2. Reisner SL,
    3. Pachankis JE.
    Transgender stigma and health: a critical review of stigma determinants, mechanisms, and interventions. Soc Sci Med. 2015; 147: 222-231. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.11.010
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  3. 3.↵
    1. Jaffee KD,
    2. Shires DA,
    3. Stroumsa D.
    Discrimination and delayed health care among transgender women and men: implications for improving medical education and health care delivery. Med Care. 2016; 54(11): 1010-1016. doi:10.1097/MLR.0000000000000583
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  4. 4.↵
    1. Poteat T,
    2. Malik M,
    3. Cooney E.
    2148 Understanding the health effects of binding and tucking for gender affirmation. J Clin Transl Sci. 2018; 2(S1): 76. doi:10.1017/cts.2018.268
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  5. 5.↵
    1. Trussler JT,
    2. Carrasquillo RJ.
    Cryptozoospermia associated with genital tucking behavior in a transwoman. Rev Urol. 2020; 22(4): 170-173.
    OpenUrl
  6. 6.↵
    1. de Nie I,
    2. Asseler J,
    3. Meißner A, et al.
    A cohort study on factors impairing semen quality in transgender women. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2022; 226(3): 390.e1-390.e10. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2021.10.020
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  7. 7.↵
    1. Malik M,
    2. Cooney EE,
    3. Brevelle J-M,
    4. Poteat T.
    Tucking practices and attributed health effects in transfeminine individuals. Transgend Health. Published Aug 26, 2022. https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/epub/10.1089/trgh.2022.0064
PreviousNext
Back to top

In this issue

The Annals of Family Medicine: 22 (2)
The Annals of Family Medicine: 22 (2)
Vol. 22, Issue 2
March/April 2024
  • Table of Contents
  • Index by author
  • Front Matter (PDF)
  • Plan-Language Summaries
Print
Download PDF
Article Alerts
Sign In to Email Alerts with your Email Address
Email Article

Thank you for your interest in spreading the word on Annals of Family Medicine.

NOTE: We only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it, and that it is not junk mail. We do not capture any email address.

Enter multiple addresses on separate lines or separate them with commas.
Genital Tucking Practices in Transgender and Gender Diverse Patients
(Your Name) has sent you a message from Annals of Family Medicine
(Your Name) thought you would like to see the Annals of Family Medicine web site.
CAPTCHA
This question is for testing whether or not you are a human visitor and to prevent automated spam submissions.
12 + 8 =
Solve this simple math problem and enter the result. E.g. for 1+3, enter 4.
Citation Tools
Genital Tucking Practices in Transgender and Gender Diverse Patients
Nicholas Kidd, Kelley Mark, Marina Dart, Catherine Casey, Lisa Rollins
The Annals of Family Medicine Mar 2024, 22 (2) 149-153; DOI: 10.1370/afm.3076

Citation Manager Formats

  • BibTeX
  • Bookends
  • EasyBib
  • EndNote (tagged)
  • EndNote 8 (xml)
  • Medlars
  • Mendeley
  • Papers
  • RefWorks Tagged
  • Ref Manager
  • RIS
  • Zotero
Get Permissions
Share
Genital Tucking Practices in Transgender and Gender Diverse Patients
Nicholas Kidd, Kelley Mark, Marina Dart, Catherine Casey, Lisa Rollins
The Annals of Family Medicine Mar 2024, 22 (2) 149-153; DOI: 10.1370/afm.3076
Twitter logo Facebook logo Mendeley logo
  • Tweet Widget
  • Facebook Like
  • Google Plus One

Jump to section

  • Article
    • Abstract
    • INTRODUCTION
    • METHODS
    • RESULTS
    • DISCUSSION
    • Acknowledgments
    • Footnotes
    • REFERENCES
  • Figures & Data
  • eLetters
  • Info & Metrics
  • PDF

Related Articles

  • No related articles found.
  • PubMed
  • Google Scholar

Cited By...

  • No citing articles found.
  • Google Scholar

More in this TOC Section

  • Update to Gabapentinoid Use in the United States, 2002-2021
  • Implications of Overturning Roe v Wade on Abortion Training in US Family Medicine Residency Programs
Show more Research Brief

Similar Articles

Subjects

  • Person groups:
    • Vulnerable populations
  • Methods:
    • Qualitative methods
    • Quantitative methods
  • Core values of primary care:
    • Relationship
  • Other topics:
    • Racism

Keywords

  • gender affirming health care
  • genital tucking
  • gender incongruence
  • gender dysphoria
  • transgender
  • gender diverse individuals

Content

  • Current Issue
  • Past Issues
  • Early Access
  • Plain-Language Summaries
  • Multimedia
  • Podcast
  • Articles by Type
  • Articles by Subject
  • Supplements
  • Calls for Papers

Info for

  • Authors
  • Reviewers
  • Job Seekers
  • Media

Engage

  • E-mail Alerts
  • e-Letters (Comments)
  • RSS
  • Journal Club
  • Submit a Manuscript
  • Subscribe
  • Family Medicine Careers

About

  • About Us
  • Editorial Board & Staff
  • Sponsoring Organizations
  • Copyrights & Permissions
  • Contact Us
  • eLetter/Comments Policy

© 2025 Annals of Family Medicine