General Practitioners Recognizing Alcohol Dependence: A Large Cross-Sectional Study in 6 European Countries

Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Addiction Policy, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Faculty of Medicine, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy & Center of Clinical Epidemiology and Longitudinal Studies (CELOS), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (J.R., J.M., L.P., C.P., H-U.W.); Agenzia Regionale di Sanità Toscana, Villa la Quiete alle Montalve, Firenze, Italy (A.A., F.V.); Regional Centre for the Training in Primary Care (Ceformed), Monfalcone (GO), Italy (R.D.V., P.S.); Center for Study and Research in General Practice (CSeRMEG), Via Praga, 22, 20052 Monza (MI), Italy (R.D.V.); Corvinus University of Budapest, Budapest, Hungary (Z.E.); Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland (A.J., M.W.); Riga Centre of Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine, Riga, Latvia (I.L.); Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Barcelona, Spain (J.M-E.); Addictions Unit, Psychiatry Department, Neurosciences Institute, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain (J.M-E., A.G.); Institute of Sociological Research, Riga, Latvia (S.S.); Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain (A.G.); Red de Trastornos Adictivos (RTA -RETICS), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain (A.G.); Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (M.W.).

Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Addiction Policy, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Faculty of Medicine, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy & Center of Clinical Epidemiology and Longitudinal Studies (CELOS), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (J.R., J.M., L.P., C.P., H-U.W.); Agenzia Regionale di Sanità Toscana, Villa la Quiete alle Montalve, Firenze, Italy (A.A., F.V.); Regional Centre for the Training in Primary Care (Ceformed), Monfalcone (GO), Italy (R.D.V., P.S.); Center for Study and Research in General Practice (CSeRMEG), Via Praga, 22, 20052 Monza (MI), Italy (R.D.V.); Corvinus University of Budapest, Budapest, Hungary (Z.E.); Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland (A.J., M.W.); Riga Centre of Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine, Riga, Latvia (I.L.); Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Barcelona, Spain (J.M-E.); Addictions Unit, Psychiatry Department, Neurosciences Institute, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain (J.M-E., A.G.); Institute of Sociological Research, Riga, Latvia (S.S.); Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain (A.G.); Red de Trastornos Adictivos (RTA -RETICS), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain (A.G.); Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (M.W.).

Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Addiction Policy, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Faculty of Medicine, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy & Center of Clinical Epidemiology and Longitudinal Studies (CELOS), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (J.R., J.M., L.P., C.P., H-U.W.); Agenzia Regionale di Sanità Toscana, Villa la Quiete alle Montalve, Firenze, Italy (A.A., F.V.); Regional Centre for the Training in Primary Care (Ceformed), Monfalcone (GO), Italy (R.D.V., P.S.); Center for Study and Research in General Practice (CSeRMEG), Via Praga, 22, 20052 Monza (MI), Italy (R.D.V.); Corvinus University of Budapest, Budapest, Hungary (Z.E.); Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland (A.J., M.W.); Riga Centre of Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine, Riga, Latvia (I.L.); Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Barcelona, Spain (J.M-E.); Addictions Unit, Psychiatry Department, Neurosciences Institute, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain (J.M-E., A.G.); Institute of Sociological Research, Riga, Latvia (S.S.); Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain (A.G.); Red de Trastornos Adictivos (RTA -RETICS), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain (A.G.); Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (M.W.).

Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Addiction Policy, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Faculty of Medicine, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy & Center of Clinical Epidemiology and Longitudinal Studies (CELOS), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (J.R., J.M., L.P., C.P., H-U.W.); Agenzia Regionale di Sanità Toscana, Villa la Quiete alle Montalve, Firenze, Italy (A.A., F.V.); Regional Centre for the Training in Primary Care (Ceformed), Monfalcone (GO), Italy (R.D.V., P.S.); Center for Study and Research in General Practice (CSeRMEG), Via Praga, 22, 20052 Monza (MI), Italy (R.D.V.); Corvinus University of Budapest, Budapest, Hungary (Z.E.); Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland (A.J., M.W.); Riga Centre of Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine, Riga, Latvia (I.L.); Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Barcelona, Spain (J.M-E.); Addictions Unit, Psychiatry Department, Neurosciences Institute, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain (J.M-E., A.G.); Institute of Sociological Research, Riga, Latvia (S.S.); Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain (A.G.); Red de Trastornos Adictivos (RTA -RETICS), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain (A.G.); Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (M.W.).

Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Addiction Policy, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Faculty of Medicine, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy & Center of Clinical Epidemiology and Longitudinal Studies (CELOS), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (J.R., J.M., L.P., C.P., H-U.W.); Agenzia Regionale di Sanità Toscana, Villa la Quiete alle Montalve, Firenze, Italy (A.A., F.V.); Regional Centre for the Training in Primary Care (Ceformed), Monfalcone (GO), Italy (R.D.V., P.S.); Center for Study and Research in General Practice (CSeRMEG), Via Praga, 22, 20052 Monza (MI), Italy (R.D.V.); Corvinus University of Budapest, Budapest, Hungary (Z.E.); Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland (A.J., M.W.); Riga Centre of Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine, Riga, Latvia (I.L.); Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Barcelona, Spain (J.M-E.); Addictions Unit, Psychiatry Department, Neurosciences Institute, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain (J.M-E., A.G.); Institute of Sociological Research, Riga, Latvia (S.S.); Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain (A.G.); Red de Trastornos Adictivos (RTA -RETICS), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain (A.G.); Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (M.W.).

Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Addiction Policy, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Faculty of Medicine, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy & Center of Clinical Epidemiology and Longitudinal Studies (CELOS), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (J.R., J.M., L.P., C.P., H-U.W.); Agenzia Regionale di Sanità Toscana, Villa la Quiete alle Montalve, Firenze, Italy (A.A., F.V.); Regional Centre for the Training in Primary Care (Ceformed), Monfalcone (GO), Italy (R.D.V., P.S.); Center for Study and Research in General Practice (CSeRMEG), Via Praga, 22, 20052 Monza (MI), Italy (R.D.V.); Corvinus University of Budapest, Budapest, Hungary (Z.E.); Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland (A.J., M.W.); Riga Centre of Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine, Riga, Latvia (I.L.); Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Barcelona, Spain (J.M-E.); Addictions Unit, Psychiatry Department, Neurosciences Institute, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain (J.M-E., A.G.); Institute of Sociological Research, Riga, Latvia (S.S.); Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain (A.G.); Red de Trastornos Adictivos (RTA -RETICS), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain (A.G.); Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (M.W.).

Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Addiction Policy, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Faculty of Medicine, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy & Center of Clinical Epidemiology and Longitudinal Studies (CELOS), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (J.R., J.M., L.P., C.P., H-U.W.); Agenzia Regionale di Sanità Toscana, Villa la Quiete alle Montalve, Firenze, Italy (A.A., F.V.); Regional Centre for the Training in Primary Care (Ceformed), Monfalcone (GO), Italy (R.D.V., P.S.); Center for Study and Research in General Practice (CSeRMEG), Via Praga, 22, 20052 Monza (MI), Italy (R.D.V.); Corvinus University of Budapest, Budapest, Hungary (Z.E.); Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland (A.J., M.W.); Riga Centre of Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine, Riga, Latvia (I.L.); Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Barcelona, Spain (J.M-E.); Addictions Unit, Psychiatry Department, Neurosciences Institute, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain (J.M-E., A.G.); Institute of Sociological Research, Riga, Latvia (S.S.); Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain (A.G.); Red de Trastornos Adictivos (RTA -RETICS), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain (A.G.); Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (M.W.).

Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Addiction Policy, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Faculty of Medicine, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy & Center of Clinical Epidemiology and Longitudinal Studies (CELOS), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (J.R., J.M., L.P., C.P., H-U.W.); Agenzia Regionale di Sanità Toscana, Villa la Quiete alle Montalve, Firenze, Italy (A.A., F.V.); Regional Centre for the Training in Primary Care (Ceformed), Monfalcone (GO), Italy (R.D.V., P.S.); Center for Study and Research in General Practice (CSeRMEG), Via Praga, 22, 20052 Monza (MI), Italy (R.D.V.); Corvinus University of Budapest, Budapest, Hungary (Z.E.); Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland (A.J., M.W.); Riga Centre of Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine, Riga, Latvia (I.L.); Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Barcelona, Spain (J.M-E.); Addictions Unit, Psychiatry Department, Neurosciences Institute, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain (J.M-E., A.G.); Institute of Sociological Research, Riga, Latvia (S.S.); Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain (A.G.); Red de Trastornos Adictivos (RTA -RETICS), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain (A.G.); Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (M.W.).

Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Addiction Policy, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Faculty of Medicine, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy & Center of Clinical Epidemiology and Longitudinal Studies (CELOS), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (J.R., J.M., L.P., C.P., H-U.W.); Agenzia Regionale di Sanità Toscana, Villa la Quiete alle Montalve, Firenze, Italy (A.A., F.V.); Regional Centre for the Training in Primary Care (Ceformed), Monfalcone (GO), Italy (R.D.V., P.S.); Center for Study and Research in General Practice (CSeRMEG), Via Praga, 22, 20052 Monza (MI), Italy (R.D.V.); Corvinus University of Budapest, Budapest, Hungary (Z.E.); Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland (A.J., M.W.); Riga Centre of Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine, Riga, Latvia (I.L.); Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Barcelona, Spain (J.M-E.); Addictions Unit, Psychiatry Department, Neurosciences Institute, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain (J.M-E., A.G.); Institute of Sociological Research, Riga, Latvia (S.S.); Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain (A.G.); Red de Trastornos Adictivos (RTA -RETICS), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain (A.G.); Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (M.W.).

Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Addiction Policy, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Faculty of Medicine, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy & Center of Clinical Epidemiology and Longitudinal Studies (CELOS), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (J.R., J.M., L.P., C.P., H-U.W.); Agenzia Regionale di Sanità Toscana, Villa la Quiete alle Montalve, Firenze, Italy (A.A., F.V.); Regional Centre for the Training in Primary Care (Ceformed), Monfalcone (GO), Italy (R.D.V., P.S.); Center for Study and Research in General Practice (CSeRMEG), Via Praga, 22, 20052 Monza (MI), Italy (R.D.V.); Corvinus University of Budapest, Budapest, Hungary (Z.E.); Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland (A.J., M.W.); Riga Centre of Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine, Riga, Latvia (I.L.); Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Barcelona, Spain (J.M-E.); Addictions Unit, Psychiatry Department, Neurosciences Institute, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain (J.M-E., A.G.); Institute of Sociological Research, Riga, Latvia (S.S.); Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain (A.G.); Red de Trastornos Adictivos (RTA -RETICS), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain (A.G.); Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (M.W.).

Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Addiction Policy, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Faculty of Medicine, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy & Center of Clinical Epidemiology and Longitudinal Studies (CELOS), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (J.R., J.M., L.P., C.P., H-U.W.); Agenzia Regionale di Sanità Toscana, Villa la Quiete alle Montalve, Firenze, Italy (A.A., F.V.); Regional Centre for the Training in Primary Care (Ceformed), Monfalcone (GO), Italy (R.D.V., P.S.); Center for Study and Research in General Practice (CSeRMEG), Via Praga, 22, 20052 Monza (MI), Italy (R.D.V.); Corvinus University of Budapest, Budapest, Hungary (Z.E.); Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland (A.J., M.W.); Riga Centre of Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine, Riga, Latvia (I.L.); Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Barcelona, Spain (J.M-E.); Addictions Unit, Psychiatry Department, Neurosciences Institute, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain (J.M-E., A.G.); Institute of Sociological Research, Riga, Latvia (S.S.); Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain (A.G.); Red de Trastornos Adictivos (RTA -RETICS), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain (A.G.); Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (M.W.).

Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Addiction Policy, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Faculty of Medicine, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy & Center of Clinical Epidemiology and Longitudinal Studies (CELOS), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (J.R., J.M., L.P., C.P., H-U.W.); Agenzia Regionale di Sanità Toscana, Villa la Quiete alle Montalve, Firenze, Italy (A.A., F.V.); Regional Centre for the Training in Primary Care (Ceformed), Monfalcone (GO), Italy (R.D.V., P.S.); Center for Study and Research in General Practice (CSeRMEG), Via Praga, 22, 20052 Monza (MI), Italy (R.D.V.); Corvinus University of Budapest, Budapest, Hungary (Z.E.); Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland (A.J., M.W.); Riga Centre of Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine, Riga, Latvia (I.L.); Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Barcelona, Spain (J.M-E.); Addictions Unit, Psychiatry Department, Neurosciences Institute, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain (J.M-E., A.G.); Institute of Sociological Research, Riga, Latvia (S.S.); Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain (A.G.); Red de Trastornos Adictivos (RTA -RETICS), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain (A.G.); Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (M.W.).

Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Addiction Policy, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Faculty of Medicine, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy & Center of Clinical Epidemiology and Longitudinal Studies (CELOS), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (J.R., J.M., L.P., C.P., H-U.W.); Agenzia Regionale di Sanità Toscana, Villa la Quiete alle Montalve, Firenze, Italy (A.A., F.V.); Regional Centre for the Training in Primary Care (Ceformed), Monfalcone (GO), Italy (R.D.V., P.S.); Center for Study and Research in General Practice (CSeRMEG), Via Praga, 22, 20052 Monza (MI), Italy (R.D.V.); Corvinus University of Budapest, Budapest, Hungary (Z.E.); Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland (A.J., M.W.); Riga Centre of Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine, Riga, Latvia (I.L.); Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Barcelona, Spain (J.M-E.); Addictions Unit, Psychiatry Department, Neurosciences Institute, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain (J.M-E., A.G.); Institute of Sociological Research, Riga, Latvia (S.S.); Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain (A.G.); Red de Trastornos Adictivos (RTA -RETICS), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain (A.G.); Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (M.W.).

Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Addiction Policy, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Faculty of Medicine, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy & Center of Clinical Epidemiology and Longitudinal Studies (CELOS), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (J.R., J.M., L.P., C.P., H-U.W.); Agenzia Regionale di Sanità Toscana, Villa la Quiete alle Montalve, Firenze, Italy (A.A., F.V.); Regional Centre for the Training in Primary Care (Ceformed), Monfalcone (GO), Italy (R.D.V., P.S.); Center for Study and Research in General Practice (CSeRMEG), Via Praga, 22, 20052 Monza (MI), Italy (R.D.V.); Corvinus University of Budapest, Budapest, Hungary (Z.E.); Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland (A.J., M.W.); Riga Centre of Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine, Riga, Latvia (I.L.); Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Barcelona, Spain (J.M-E.); Addictions Unit, Psychiatry Department, Neurosciences Institute, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain (J.M-E., A.G.); Institute of Sociological Research, Riga, Latvia (S.S.); Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain (A.G.); Red de Trastornos Adictivos (RTA -RETICS), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain (A.G.); Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (M.W.).

Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Addiction Policy, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Faculty of Medicine, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy & Center of Clinical Epidemiology and Longitudinal Studies (CELOS), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (J.R., J.M., L.P., C.P., H-U.W.); Agenzia Regionale di Sanità Toscana, Villa la Quiete alle Montalve, Firenze, Italy (A.A., F.V.); Regional Centre for the Training in Primary Care (Ceformed), Monfalcone (GO), Italy (R.D.V., P.S.); Center for Study and Research in General Practice (CSeRMEG), Via Praga, 22, 20052 Monza (MI), Italy (R.D.V.); Corvinus University of Budapest, Budapest, Hungary (Z.E.); Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland (A.J., M.W.); Riga Centre of Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine, Riga, Latvia (I.L.); Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Barcelona, Spain (J.M-E.); Addictions Unit, Psychiatry Department, Neurosciences Institute, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain (J.M-E., A.G.); Institute of Sociological Research, Riga, Latvia (S.S.); Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain (A.G.); Red de Trastornos Adictivos (RTA -RETICS), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain (A.G.); Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (M.W.).

Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Addiction Policy, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Faculty of Medicine, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy & Center of Clinical Epidemiology and Longitudinal Studies (CELOS), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (J.R., J.M., L.P., C.P., H-U.W.); Agenzia Regionale di Sanità Toscana, Villa la Quiete alle Montalve, Firenze, Italy (A.A., F.V.); Regional Centre for the Training in Primary Care (Ceformed), Monfalcone (GO), Italy (R.D.V., P.S.); Center for Study and Research in General Practice (CSeRMEG), Via Praga, 22, 20052 Monza (MI), Italy (R.D.V.); Corvinus University of Budapest, Budapest, Hungary (Z.E.); Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland (A.J., M.W.); Riga Centre of Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine, Riga, Latvia (I.L.); Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Barcelona, Spain (J.M-E.); Addictions Unit, Psychiatry Department, Neurosciences Institute, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain (J.M-E., A.G.); Institute of Sociological Research, Riga, Latvia (S.S.); Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain (A.G.); Red de Trastornos Adictivos (RTA -RETICS), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain (A.G.); Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (M.W.).