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Research ArticleOriginal Research

Transforming Primary Care for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender People: A Collaborative Quality Improvement Initiative

Bruce W. Furness, Hilary Goldhammer, Wanda Montalvo, Kelly Gagnon, Lauren Bifulco, Daniel Lentine and Daren Anderson
The Annals of Family Medicine July 2020, 18 (4) 292-302; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1370/afm.2542
Bruce W. Furness
1Division of Sexually Transmitted Disease Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
MD, MPH
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  • For correspondence: bff0@cdc.gov
Hilary Goldhammer
2The Fenway Institute, Fenway Health, Boston, Massachusetts
SM
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Wanda Montalvo
3Jonas Nursing & Veterans Healthcare, Columbia University, New York, New York
4Weitzman Institute, Community Health Center, Inc, Middletown, Connecticut
PhD, RN
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Kelly Gagnon
4Weitzman Institute, Community Health Center, Inc, Middletown, Connecticut
5University of Pittsburgh, Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
MPH
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Lauren Bifulco
4Weitzman Institute, Community Health Center, Inc, Middletown, Connecticut
MPH
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Daniel Lentine
1Division of Sexually Transmitted Disease Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
MPH
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Daren Anderson
4Weitzman Institute, Community Health Center, Inc, Middletown, Connecticut
MD
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    Figure 1

    Core clinical outcomes from the Transforming Primary Care for LGBT People intervention, 2016-2017.

    FQHC = federally qualified health center; LGBT = lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender; SOGI = sexual orientation and gender identity.

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    Table 1

    Core Clinical Outcome Measures

    Outcome MeasureComponentDescription
    Percentage of patients with SOGI documentationNumeratorNumber of patients in denominator who had SOGI documented in their health record
    DenominatorPatients aged 13 years and older who had a medical visit in last 12 months
    Percentage of LGBT patients who received risk-based sexual health screeningNumeratorNumber of patients in denominator who had evidence of a risk-based sexual health screening in their health record
    DenominatorLGBT patients aged 13 years and older who had a medical visit in last 12 months
    Percentage of LGBT patients screened for syphilisNumeratorNumber of patients in denominator who had a documented syphilis test
    DenominatorLGBT patients aged 13 years and older who had a medical visit in last 12 months
    Percentage of LGBT patients screened for chlamydia and gonorrheaNumeratorNumber of patients in denominator who had a documented chlamydia and gonorrhea test
    DenominatorLGBT patients aged 13 years and older who had a medical visit in the last 12 months
    Percentage of HIV-unknown LGBT patients screened for HIVNumeratorNumber of patients in the denominator who had a documented HIV test
    DenominatorHIV-unknown LGBT patients aged 13 years and older who had a medical visit in last 12 months
    • LGBT = lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender; SOGI = sexual orientation and gender identity.

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    Table 2

    Spread of the Transforming Primary Care for LGBT People Intervention Among FQHC Clinicians and Clinical Sites, 2016-2017

    FQHCCliniciansClinical Sites
    Pre-intervention, No.Post-intervention, No.Affiliated,a No.Adoption,b %Pre-intervention, No.Post-intervention, No.Affiliated,a No.Adoption,b %
    FQHC 111818100.0133100.0
    FQHC 2181361.5161060.0
    FQHC 31293193.5188100.0
    FQHC 4132015.011616.7
    FQHC 514805.0141040.0
    FQHC 613939100.012727100.0
    FQHC 712603.311224.5
    FQHC 8114700.211911.1
    FQHC 91207207100.011313100.0
    FQHC 101120120100.011515100.0
    All FQHCs104311,05840.7107912364.2
    • FQHC = federally qualified health center; LGBT = lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender.

    • ↵a Total clinicians and clinical sites affiliated with each FQHC.

    • ↵b Percent of total affiliated clinicians and clinical sites that adopted the intervention.

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    Table 3

    Key Findings of the Practice Assessment Survey, 2016-2017 (N = 10 FQHCs)

    Measure (Question Numbera)Preintervention, No.Postintervention, No.Change, %
    LGBT culturally affirming training
    FQHC trains all new hires in medical decision making for LGBT preventive health services (Q4)12100.0
    FQHC trains all new hires in the behavioral health needs of LGBT clients (Q4)13200.0
    FQHC trains all new hires in disclosure of LGBT status and confidentiality of information (Q4)5740.0
    FQHC trains all new hires in culturally competent care and service delivery (Q4)6833.3
    LGBT culturally affirming practices
    Preferred names and pronouns of patients are collected (Q9)71042.9
    LGBT services are posted to FQHC website (Q11)25150.0
    LGBT educational brochures are available to clients (Q11)25150.0
    LGBT signage is clearly posted in public areas of the FQHC (Q11)05N/A
    Staff member is identified as LGBT liaison or navigator for clients (Q11)14300.0
    LGBT-specific clinicians are made known to clients (Q11)25150.0
    LGBT advisory group is fully operational (Q11)54–20.0
    LGBT culturally affirming policies
    Policies protect staff from discrimination based on sexual orientation (Q5)91011.1
    Policies protect staff from discrimination based on gender identity and/or gender expression (Q5)6950.0
    FQHC has clear mechanisms for reporting and addressing discrimination or disrespect of LGBT people (Q5)6950.0
    FQHC has a clear policy protecting patients based on gender identity and/or gender expression (Q5)71042.9
    Systems to improve LGBT care
    All patients are asked SOGI questions (Q7)29350.0
    FQHC has the capacity to capture SOGI data (Q8)61066.7
    SOGI can be captured as structured data in the EHR (Q9)510100.0
    Patients living with HIV can be broken down by LGBT category (Q15)410150.0
    Reports can be generated from the EHR on patients living with HIV, by LGBT category (Q15)07N/A
    Transgender patients can be identified for targeted HIV/STD screening (Q24)49125.0
    MSM patients can be identified for targeted HIV/STD screening (Q24)5860.0
    • EHR = electronic health record; FQHC = federally qualified health center; LGBT = lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender; MSM = men who have sex with men; N/A = not available; SOGI = sexual orientation and gender identity; STD = sexually transmitted disease.

    • ↵a From the Practice Assessment Survey questionnaire in the Supplemental Appendix 2, available at https://www.AnnFamMed.org/content/18/4/292/suppl/DC1/.

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    Supplemental Appendixes 1-6

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    • Supplemental data: Appendixes - Supplemental Appendixes 1-6
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The Annals of Family Medicine: 18 (4)
The Annals of Family Medicine: 18 (4)
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July/August 2020
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Transforming Primary Care for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender People: A Collaborative Quality Improvement Initiative
Bruce W. Furness, Hilary Goldhammer, Wanda Montalvo, Kelly Gagnon, Lauren Bifulco, Daniel Lentine, Daren Anderson
The Annals of Family Medicine Jul 2020, 18 (4) 292-302; DOI: 10.1370/afm.2542

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Transforming Primary Care for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender People: A Collaborative Quality Improvement Initiative
Bruce W. Furness, Hilary Goldhammer, Wanda Montalvo, Kelly Gagnon, Lauren Bifulco, Daniel Lentine, Daren Anderson
The Annals of Family Medicine Jul 2020, 18 (4) 292-302; DOI: 10.1370/afm.2542
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Subjects

  • Domains of illness & health:
    • Prevention
    • Health promotion
  • Person groups:
    • Vulnerable populations
  • Methods:
    • Mixed methods
  • Other research types:
    • Health services
    • Professional practice
  • Other topics:
    • Disparities in health and health care
    • Social / cultural context

Keywords

  • sexual orientation
  • gender identity
  • sexual and gender minorities
  • sexually transmitted disease
  • cultural competency
  • intervention
  • quality improvement
  • project ECHO
  • Practice Improvement Collaborative
  • vulnerable populations
  • healthcare disparities
  • primary health care
  • practice-based research

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