Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
Weighted prevalence of pre-pandemic socioeconomic vulnerabilities (A) and early pandemic changes in socioeconomic vulnerabilities (B) by caregiving status.
AHC = accountable health communities; HRSV = health-related socioeconomic vulnerabilities; IPV = interpersonal violence.
Note: Calibration weights were utilized and were generated based on the following variables: age group, race, education, income, and region. Change in each HRSV was categorized as: secure (absent pre-pandemic and early pandemic), incident (absent pre-pandemic and present early pandemic), persistent or improved (present pre-pandemic and unchanged or improved early pandemic), and worsening (present pre-pandemic and worse early pandemic).
- Figure 2.
Adjusted odds of socioeconomic vulnerabilities: pre-pandemic (A), incident (B), and worsening (C) for caregivers compared with non-caregivers (referent group).
HRSV = health-related socioeconomic vulnerabilities.
Notes: Calibration weights were utilized and were generated based on the following variables: age group, race, education, income, and region. Sample sizes for participants with incident utilities (B) and participants with worsening housing (C) were too small to include in the models. Models adjusted for age, race/ethnicity, marital status, education, income, number of people in household, number of children in household, self-reported physical health and mental health, and number of comorbidities. Change in each HRSV was categorized as: secure (absent pre-pandemic and early pandemic), incident (absent pre-pandemic and present early pandemic), persistent or improved (present pre-pandemic and unchanged or improved early pandemic), and worsening (present pre-pandemic and worse early pandemic).
Tables
Characteristic Non-Caregiver
(n = 2,217), %Caregiver
(n = 950), %P Value Age, y 18-44 42.9 48.5 <.01 45-64 32.8 33.4 ≥65 24.2 18.1 Race/Ethnicity White 67.2 60.8 <.01 Hispanic 12.4 17.0 Black 10.0 12.0 Asian 5.9 3.7 Other 4.4 6.5 Education >High school diploma 63.3 61.7 .48 ≤High school diploma 36.7 38.3 Partnership status Married 61.1 63.9 .18 Unmarried/Single 38.9 36.1 Income, $ per year <25,000 19.3 20.3 .03 25,000-49,999 20.5 23.2 50,000-99,999 29.3 31.8 ≥100,000 30.9 24.7 Employment Employed 43.4 55.8 <.01 Unemployed 7.5 5.7 Unemployed by choice or unable to work 49.1 38.5 Household composition 1 17.3 11.4 <0.01 2 36.3 29.8 ≥3 46.4 58.8 Number of children living at home 0 64.3 53.5 <.01 1 16.2 20.4 ≥2 19.5 26.1 Self-rated mental health Excellent or very good 52.2 47.4 <.05 Good 29.8 31.1 Fair or poor 18.0 21.6 Self-rated overall health Excellent or very good 44.9 39.3 .04 Good 36.7 39.4 Fair or poor 18.5 21.3 Number of comorbidities 0 57.9 43.5 <.01 1 26.6 36.1 2 9.7 12.0 ≥3 5.9 8.3 Notes: Calibration weights were utilized and were generated based on the following variables: age group, race, education, income, and region. Participants were given a list of 13 common comorbidities and asked to identify which conditions a doctor or health care clinician had told them they had.
- Table 2.
Weighted Pre-Pandemic Prevalence of Caregiver Socioeconomic Vulnerabilities by Condition of Care Recipient
Caregiver
VulnerabilitiesCare Recipient Conditions Arthritis/Rheumatism
(n = 47), %Asthma
(n = 73), %Cancer
(n = 69), %Chronic Respiratory Condition
(n = 59), %ADRD
(n = 67), %Diabetes
(n = 94), %Heart Disease/Hypertension/Stroke
(n = 88), %Mental Illness
(n = 106), %Old Age/Infirmity/Frailty
(n = 119), %≥1 Socioeconomic vulnerability 87.4 78.0 56.0 56.8 46.9 76.2 59.3 65.3 45.2 Financial strain 62.6 58.8 30.0 44.0 23.1 53.2 44.7 42.6 26.4 Food insecurity 65.9 63.7 43.2 37.4 33.4 58.7 42.8 51.8 32.0 Housing 11.2 22.7 14.8 6.6 16.5 16.2 13.6 10.3 5.9 Interpersonal violence 21.8 21.1 7.9 6.5 9.0 17.8 8.1 13.9 7.0 Transportation 48.2 29.3 28.5 17.6 9.1 39.4 16.1 31.1 9.8 Utilities 19.0 17.6 10.3 18.0 5.5 18.8 9.6 15.7 5.8 ADRD = Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias.
Note: Calibration weights were utilized and were generated based on the following variables: age group, race, education, income, and region.
VISUAL ABSTRACT BELOW IN PNG FORMAT
SUPPLEMENTAL TABLES BELOW IN PDF FILE
Supplemental Table 1. Survey Items Used to Assess Change in Socioeconomic Vulnerabilities
Supplemental Table 2. Unadjusted and Adjusted Odds of Experiencing Pre-pandemic Health-Related Socioeconomic Vulnerabilities, Comparing Caregivers to Non- Caregivers (Reference Group)
Supplemental Table 3. Unadjusted and Adjusted Odds of Experiencing or Worsening Health-Relate Socioeconomic Vulnerabilities in the Early Pandemic, Comparing Caregivers to Non-caregivers (reference Group)
Supplemental Table 4. Pre-pandemic, Early Pandemic, and Change in Prevalence of Experiencing Health-Related Socioeconomic Vulnerabilities, Stratified by Caregiving Status
Supplemental Appendix. Stata/SE v.17.0 Output for Tables 1 and 2 and Figures 1 and 2
In this issue
Jump to section
Related Articles
Cited By...
- No citing articles found.