Characteristics of Family Physicians Practicing Collaboratively With Behavioral Health Professionals

Sebastian T. Tong; Zachary J. Morgan; Kari A. Stephens; Andrew Bazemore; Lars E. Peterson

doi:10.1370/afm.2947

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Figure 1.
State-level variation of family physicians who work collaboratively with behavioral health professionals, 2017-2021.

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Table 1.

Adjusted Associations Between Demographic, Practice, and Geographic Characteristics in Family Physicians Working Collaboratively With Behavioral Health Professionals, 2017-2021

Characteristic	Odds Ratio (95% CI)
Physician characteristics
Age (per year increase)	0.99 (0.99-1.00)
Female (reference = male)	1.09 (1.01-1.17)
Degree type: DO (reference = MD)	0.77 (0.69-0.86)
IMG	0.78 (0.71-0.86)
Race (reference = White)
American Indian or Alaska Native Asian	0.78 (0.53-1.15)
Asian	0.90 (0.81-1.00)
Black or African American	0.82 (0.70-0.96)
Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander	0.72 (0.46-1.13)
Other	0.80 (0.68-0.93)
Ethnicity: Hispanic/Latine vs non-Hispanic/Latine	0.72 (0.63-0.84)
Faculty (reference = not faculty)
Core/salaried faculty	2.32 (2.01-2.67)
Volunteer/clinical faculty	1.35 (1.24-1.46)
Practice characteristics
Practice site (reference = hospital/health system owned medical practice)
Independently owned medical practice	0.34 (0.31-0.37)
Managed care/HMO practice	2.64 (2.31-3.03)
Academic health center/faculty practice	4.71 (3.96-5.60)
Federally qualified health center or look alike	7.52 (6.32-8.94)
Rural health center	1.29 (1.05-1.58)
Indian health service	7.36 (4.43-12.23)
Government, non-federal	6.41 (4.79-8.57)
Federal (military, Veterans Affairs)	26.10 (20.77-32.81)
Work site clinic	0.83 (0.65-1.06)
Other	2.24 (1.89-2.66)
Vulnerable Population (reference = <10%)
10% to 49%	1.46 (1.35-1.58)
>50%	2.41 (2.17-2.69)
US geographic characteristics
Rurality: rural (reference = urban)	1.01 (0.90-1.13)
Region (reference = South)
Midwest	2.08 (1.89-2.29)
Northeast	2.12 (1.89-2.38)
West	2.73 (2.49-3.01)
Mental health care HPSA (reference = not HPSA)
Partial county HPSA	1.06 (0.92-1.21)
Whole county HPSA	0.94 (0.81-1.10)
Psychiatrists per 100,000 county population (per unit increase in psychiatrist)	1.02 (1.02-1.03)

DO = doctor of osteopathy; HMO = health maintenance organization; HPSA = health professional service area; IMG = international medical graduate; MD = medical doctor; US = United States