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Research ArticleOriginal Research

Practice Facilitation to Support Family Physicians in Encouraging COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake: A Multimethod Process Evaluation

Jennifer Shuldiner, Huda Shah, Stacey Bar-Ziv, Joe Mauti, David Kaplan, Mina Tradrous, Michael E. Green, Isaac Bogoch, Dominik Alex Nowak, Kavita Mehta, Laura Desveaux, Lydia-Joi Marshall, Sophia Ikura, Monica Taljaard, Jia Hu, Sabina Vohra-Miller, Justin Presseau, Holly Witteman, Aisha Lofters, Tara Kiran and Noah Ivers
The Annals of Family Medicine November 2023, 21 (6) 526-533; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1370/afm.3041
Jennifer Shuldiner
Women’s College Hospital Institute for Health System Solutions and Virtual Care, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (Shuldiner, Shah, Tradrous, Desveaux, Ivers);
PhD
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  • For correspondence: Jennifer.shuldiner@wchospital.ca
Huda Shah
Women’s College Hospital Institute for Health System Solutions and Virtual Care, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (Shuldiner, Shah, Tradrous, Desveaux, Ivers);
MSc
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Stacey Bar-Ziv
Ontario Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (Bar-Ziv, Mauti, Kaplan);
PhD
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Joe Mauti
Ontario Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (Bar-Ziv, Mauti, Kaplan);
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David Kaplan
Ontario Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (Bar-Ziv, Mauti, Kaplan);
MD, MSc
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Mina Tradrous
Women’s College Hospital Institute for Health System Solutions and Virtual Care, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (Shuldiner, Shah, Tradrous, Desveaux, Ivers);
Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (Tradrous);
PharmD, PhD
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Michael E. Green
Departments of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada (Green);
MD
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Isaac Bogoch
Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (Bogoch);
MD
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Dominik Alex Nowak
Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (Nowak, Kiran, Ivers);
Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (Nowak, Vohra-Miller);
MD
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Kavita Mehta
Associations of Family Health Teams of Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (Mehta);
BScN, MBA
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Laura Desveaux
Women’s College Hospital Institute for Health System Solutions and Virtual Care, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (Shuldiner, Shah, Tradrous, Desveaux, Ivers);
Institute of Better Health, Trillium Health Partners (THP), Mississauga, Ontario, Canada (Desveaux);
Institute for Health Policy Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (Desveaux);
PhD
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Lydia-Joi Marshall
Health Commons Solution Lab, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (Marshall, Ikura);
MSc
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Sophia Ikura
Health Commons Solution Lab, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (Marshall, Ikura);
MPA
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Monica Taljaard
School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (Taljaard);
Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (Taljaard, Presseau);
PhD
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Jia Hu
Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (Hu);
MD
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Sabina Vohra-Miller
Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (Nowak, Vohra-Miller);
MSc
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Justin Presseau
Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (Taljaard, Presseau);
PhD
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Holly Witteman
Department of Family and Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada (Witteman);
PhD
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Aisha Lofters
Peter Gilgan Centre for Women’s Cancers, Women’s College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (Lofters)
MD, PhD
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Tara Kiran
Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (Nowak, Kiran, Ivers);
MD, MSc
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Noah Ivers
Women’s College Hospital Institute for Health System Solutions and Virtual Care, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (Shuldiner, Shah, Tradrous, Desveaux, Ivers);
Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (Nowak, Kiran, Ivers);
MD, PhD
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  • Figure 1.
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    Figure 1.

    Randomized controlled trial of a practice facilitator outreach program to support family physicians in encouraging COVID-19 vaccine uptake.

    COVID-19 = coronavirus disease 2019.

  • Figure 2.
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    Figure 2.

    Intervention engagement among family physicians (N = 300).

  • Figure 3.
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    Figure 3.

    Timing of physicians’ acceptance of practice facilitation, November 2021-March 2022 (N = 90).

  • Figure 4.
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    Figure 4.

    Factors affecting intervention engagement mapped onto multilevel framework.a

    a Multilevel framework of Chaudoir et al.19

Tables

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    Table 1.

    Resources and Supports Offered to Family Physicians in the Intervention Group by Practice Facilitators

    Technical support (remote) to access government COVaxON Vaccination Management System and merge data with clinic electronic medical records
    Written materials (e-mail) including scripts for administrative staff to call patients and e-mail templates for outreach campaign
    Information on website that allows practices to access robocalling and suggested templates
    Trained medical student volunteers to act as delegates to contact patients on physician’s behalf (Supplemental Appendix 2)
    Communication templates and resources, including FAQs, to address common questions and build vaccine confidence
    Option to connect patients to trained community ambassadors (lay health advisors)
    • COVaxON = electronic documentation system used to document coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccinations in Ontario; FAQs = frequently asked questions.

    • View popup
    Table 2.

    Physicians Interviewed (n = 15)

    CharacteristicNo. (%)
    Accepted intervention supports
        Yes9 (60)
        No6 (40)
    Gender
        Female9 (60)
        Male6 (40)
    Years practicing medicine, mean (SD)21.7 (12)
    Type of practice
        Fee for service3 (20)
        Family health teama6 (40)
        Family health groupb6 (40)
    Practice location
        Urban11 (73)
        Rural4 (27)
    • ↵a A family health team is a group of health care providers working together to provide care. Physicians agree to provide a broad array of services, and they accept a blended model of funding including capitation, fees for services, and bonuses for achieving prevention targets.

    • ↵b A family health group is a group of physicians responsible for a panel of patients and has relatively few interdisciplinary care clinicians. They are reimbursed on a fee-for-service basis with bonuses.

    • View popup
    Table 3.

    Feedback on Intervention Components

    Medical student volunteer supportPhysicians requested students with same language or culture as patient population
    Useful method to encourage vaccine uptake
    Increased follow-up from patients at clinic, owing to other issues brought up during check-in by student
    Students might not respond, delay calling patients, or decide to drop out of program
    Physician concerns for patient privacy
    Student help decreased burden on staff
    Students increase workload and therefore cannot accept
    Discontinued program because of too many patient follow-up calls as a result of student telephone calls
    RobocallsDo not require much additional work to implement
    Physicians unsure if they will help; however, there is a low cost to implement; therefore, they were willing
    Reminders might not be helpful for patients because vaccine uptake is a sensitive subject
    Hesitancy that patients might not respond well to calls from someone they do not know
    Important to offer in languages other than English
    FAQ document for physiciansSome asked for FAQ documents, but limited feedback regarding if they used it or if it was helpful
    Some found FAQ document and hesitancy guide worthwhile to answer patient questions, but others felt not necessary
    Verbal/e-mail scriptsStaff found e-mail templates useful
    No feedback on whether verbal scripts were used by clinic staff
    Physicians and staff asked for templates for mass e-mails to patients
    Clinic does not have e-mail contact information for all patients
    IT supportElectronic reporting useful for identifying unvaccinated patients and for contacting patients, but practices needed support to access
    Requested long-term technical support from practice facilitators for other proactive preventive care
    • FAQ = frequently asked question; IT = information technology.

Additional Files

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  • SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIALS IN PDF FILE BELOW

    • Shuldiner_Supp.pdf -

      PDF file

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The Annals of Family Medicine: 21 (6)
The Annals of Family Medicine: 21 (6)
Vol. 21, Issue 6
November/December 2023
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Practice Facilitation to Support Family Physicians in Encouraging COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake: A Multimethod Process Evaluation
Jennifer Shuldiner, Huda Shah, Stacey Bar-Ziv, Joe Mauti, David Kaplan, Mina Tradrous, Michael E. Green, Isaac Bogoch, Dominik Alex Nowak, Kavita Mehta, Laura Desveaux, Lydia-Joi Marshall, Sophia Ikura, Monica Taljaard, Jia Hu, Sabina Vohra-Miller, Justin Presseau, Holly Witteman, Aisha Lofters, Tara Kiran, Noah Ivers
The Annals of Family Medicine Nov 2023, 21 (6) 526-533; DOI: 10.1370/afm.3041

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Practice Facilitation to Support Family Physicians in Encouraging COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake: A Multimethod Process Evaluation
Jennifer Shuldiner, Huda Shah, Stacey Bar-Ziv, Joe Mauti, David Kaplan, Mina Tradrous, Michael E. Green, Isaac Bogoch, Dominik Alex Nowak, Kavita Mehta, Laura Desveaux, Lydia-Joi Marshall, Sophia Ikura, Monica Taljaard, Jia Hu, Sabina Vohra-Miller, Justin Presseau, Holly Witteman, Aisha Lofters, Tara Kiran, Noah Ivers
The Annals of Family Medicine Nov 2023, 21 (6) 526-533; DOI: 10.1370/afm.3041
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Subjects

  • Domains of illness & health:
    • Prevention
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    • Qualitative methods
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    • COVID-19

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  • vaccines
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