Article Figures & Data
Tables
Risk Factor Men (n=12,300) Women (n=12,060) PValue BP = blood pressure; BMI = body mass index. Age, mean (SD), y 48.21 (10.36) 47.86 (10.30) .008 Mongolian, % 18.0 19.4 .014 High school education, % 6.3 4.8 <.001 Income, % .023 Income 1, <¥1,000/y 33.5 34.6 Income 2, ¥1,000 – ¥1,500/y 12.8 13.5 Income 3, ¥1,500 – ¥2,000/y 15.1 15.1 Income 4, >¥2,000/y 38.6 36.9 Physical activity, % <.001 Low 20.6 28 Moderate 45.5 45.4 High 33.9 26.6 Current smoker, % 66.9 14.2 <.001 Current drinker, % 56.0 4.8 <.001 Family history of hypertension, % 11.0 8.1 <.001 Systolic BP, mean (SD), mm Hg 122.90 (10.06) 119.37 (11.35) <.001 Diastolic BP, mean (SD), mm Hg 76.86 (7.24) 75.26 (7.75) <.001 Prehypertension, % 77.1 64.1 <.001 BMI, mean (SD), kg/m2 22.89 (2.66) 23.12 (3.05) <.001 Salt intake, mean (SD), g/d 15.61 (12.55) 15.29 (12.16) .043 Men Women Characteristic Case n Incidence % Case n Incidence % a The difference is statistically significant (P <.05). Age-group, years 35–44 1,215 22.0 884 15.8 45–54 1,202 32.2 913 25.0 55–64 769 37.6 625 33.3 >65 453 45.2 397 42.6 P value <.05 <.05 Race Mongolian 852 38.5 717 30.7 Han 2,751 27.7 2,052 21.5 P value <.05 <.05 Baseline blood pressure status Prehypertension 2,917 30.8 2,029 26.2 Normal 722 25.6 790 18.3 P value <.05 <.05 Total 3,639 29.6a 2,819 23.4 Characteristic Men Incidence per 100/y (95% CI) Women Incidence per 100/y (95% CI) CI=confidence interval. Age-group, years 35–44 9.52 (9.01–10.04) 6.78 (6.36–7.23) 45–54 13.80 (13.08–14.54) 10.74 (10.09–11.42) 55–64 16.27 (15.23–17.35) 14.45 (13.41–15.53) >65 18.57 (17.05–20.17) 17.95 (16.37–19.61) P value <.05 <.05 Baseline blood pressure status Prehypertension 13.24 (12.79–13.69) 11.22 (10.77–11.69) Normal 11.08 (10.33–11.86) 7.90 (7.38–8.45) Total 12.75 (12.74–13.14) 10.04 (9.69–10.41) Men Women Predictors Hazard Ratio (95% CI) PValue Hazard Ratio (95% CI) PValue CI=confidence interval. Age 1.11 (1.10–1.13) <.001 1.13 (1.11–1.15) <.001 Education Not high school graduate 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference) High school graduate 1.00 (0.88–1.13) .960 0.87 (0.73–1.03) .103 Annual mean income Income 1, <¥1,000/y 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference) Income 2, ¥1,000 – ¥1,500/y 1.03 (0.92–1.15) .584 0.99 (0.88–1.12) .927 Income 3, ¥1,500 – ¥2,000/y 1.10 (1.00–1.22) .045 1.09 (0.98–1.22) .118 Income 4, >¥2,000/y 1.11 (1.03–1.20) .007 1.06 (0.97–1.16) .183 Physical activity High 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference) Moderate 0.86 (0.80–0.92) <.001 1.04 (0.95–1.15) .408 Low 1.09 (0.99–1.21) .079 1.45 (1.30–1.61) <.001 Ethnicity Han 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference) Mongolian 1.09 (1.01–1.18) .032 1.16 (1.06–1.26) .001 Smoking Nonsmoker 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference) Current smoker 1.00 (0.93–1.08) .976 0.95 (0.86–1.06) .375 Alcohol drinking Nondrinker 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference) Current drinker 1.14 (1.06–1.23) <.001 1.12 (0.94–1.32) .194 Body mass index, kg/m2 <25 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference) ≥25 1.28 (1.17–1.40) <.001 1.45 (1.33–1.58) <.001 Family history of hypertension No 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference) Yes 1.14 (1.03–1.27) .013 1.39 (1.22–1.58) <.001 Salt intake, g/d 1.00 (1.00–1.01) .045 1.01 (1.00–1.01) <.001 Baseline blood pressure status Normotentive 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference) Prehypertensive 1.18 (1.08–1.28) <.001 1.25 (1.15–1.36) <.001 - Table 5.
Annual Incidence of Hypertension in Prior Chinese Studies and in the United States and Canada.
Country 1980–1990 % 1990–2000 % After 2000 % China 2.3–5.2 3.7 – Canada – 2.6 3.2 United States – 4.0–9.3 – Current study – – 11.4
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The Article in Brief
Incidence and Predictors of Hypertension Among Rural Chinese Adults: Results From Liaoning Province
Zhaoqing Sun , and colleagues
Background Cardiovascular disease, including both stroke and heart disease, is the leading cause of death among Chinese adults. Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is an important risk factor for these conditions. This study set out to determine the percentage of new cases of hypertension appearing in China each year, to help assess how quickly it is spreading, and to determine what steps might be needed to control the disease.
What This Study Found There is a high incidence of hypertension among rural Chinese adults. During a period of 28 months from 2004-2006 to 2008, more than 1in 4 adults developed hypertension. Most of these cases were untreated (80 percent) and uncontrolled (98 percent).
Implications
- The annual hypertension incidence of 11.4 percent is higher than that previously reported in China, Canada, or the United States.
- Increases in hypertension are probably related to rapid social changes in China and may apply to other areas of the developing world.
- The authors call for urgent public health measures to prevent and control hypertension.
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