Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
Mental health symptom scores, by intimate partner violence status.
PTSD=posttraumatic stress disorder.
a Depression measured by the Beck Depression Inventory: ≥20 are indicative of moderate or severe levels of depressive symptoms.34,35
b Posttraumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale: scores of >20 reflect moderate or severe levels of PTSD symptoms.36
c Scale for Suicide Ideation: patients with scores of >11 were considered suicidal and referred for psychiatric evaluation37,38
Tables
- Table 1.
Demographic Characteristics of Male Emergency Departments Patients in Relationships (N = 712)*
Characteristic (No. Responding) IPV Positive (n=261) IPV Negative (n=451) P Value IPV = intimate partner violence; PTSD = posttraumatic stress disorder. Note: data are reported for the number and percentage of participants answering the particular question or set of questions, (eg, age is missing for 4 participants (3 IPV positive, 1 IPV negative), so n = 708. a Depression measured by the Beck Depression Index: scores ≥20 are indicative of moderate or severe levels of depressive symptoms.34,35 b Posttraumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale: scores >20 reflect moderate or severe levels of PTSD symptoms.36 c Scale for Suicide Ideation: scores >11 were considered suicidal and referred for psychiatric evaluation.37,38 d Use of street drugs in last 4 weeks, or a history of intravenous drug use. e Nonuse of condoms and 1 of the following: history of a sexually transmitted disease in past 5 years, or more than 1 sexual partner in last year. f At least 1 positive responses to CAGE questions or drinking at least 3 times week and 4 or more drinks per day on occasion. g Had sex with a person of the same sex in past 10 years. h Has handgun in home or car or someone close has a gun. i Always uses a seatbelt in a car. j Has a working smoke detector where they live. Age, mean (range), y (n = 708) 35.4 (18–65) 35.2 (18–66) .835 No. % No. % Race (n=712) .693 White 24/261 9.2 35/451 7.8 African American 229/261 87.7 408/451 90.5 Hispanic 1/261 0.4 2/451 0.4 Asian 1/261 0.4 1/451 0.2 Other 6/261 2.3 5/451 1.1 Education (n=705) .004 No high school diploma 52/255 20.4 60/450 13.3 High school diploma 128/255 50.2 201/450 44.7 Some/completed college 54/255 21.2 127/450 28.2 College graduate 21/255 8.2 62/450 13.8 Health insurance (n = 694) .126 None 204/253 80.6 353/441 80.1 Medicaid/Medicare 23/253 9.1 26/441 5.9 Private/employment/student 26/253 10.3 62/441 14.1 Marital status (n = 708) .017 Single (never married) 176/258 68.2 325/450 72.2 Separated/divorced/widowed 53/258 20.5 58/450 12.9 Married 29/258 11.2 67/450 14.9 Reason for visit (n = 698) .590 Medical 215/255 84.3 365/443 82.4 Injury 21/255 8.2 47/443 10.6 Other 19/255 7.5 31/443 7.0 Employed (n=709) 139/260 53.5 270/449 60.1 .083 Moderate/severe depressiona (n=712) 48/261 18.4 15/451 3.3 <.001 Moderate/severe PTSDb (n=712) 27/261 10.3 5/451 1.1 <.001 Suicidal ideationsc (n=712) 24/261 9.2 3/451 0.7 <.001 Smoking (n=712) 163/261 62.5 224/451 49.7 .001 Street drugsd (n=712) 90/261 34.5 110/451 24.4 .004 High-risk sexual behaviore (n=698) 95/252 37.7 118/437 27.0 .003 At-risk drinkingf (n=712) 128/261 49.0 168/451 37.3 .002 Same-sex sexual partnerg (n=704) 27/259 10.4 43/445 9.7 .745 Handgun accessh (n=706) 49/260 18.9 68/446 15.3 .215 Seatbelt usei (n=703) 151/258 58.5 338/445 76.0 <.001 Smoke detectorj (n=694) 217/252 86.1 395/442 89.4 .201 - Table 2.
Distribution of “Yes” Answers to Violence-Related Questions by All Men in Relationships Who Completed the IPV Questions on the Computer Survey (N = 712)
IPV Questions No. (%) IPV=intimate partner violence. Victimization Within the past year has a partner slapped, kicked, pushed, choked, or punched you? 119 (16.7) Within the past year has a partner forced or coerced you to have sex? 48 (6.7) Within the past year has a partner threatened you with a knife/gun to scare/hurt you? 40 (5.6) Within the past year has a partner made you afraid you would be physically hurt? 33 (4.6) Within the past year has a partner used words/yelled/screamed in a way that frightened you? 133 (18.7) Total disclosing any IPV victimization 221 (31.0) Perpetration Do you feel like you always need to be in control of your partner? 61 (8.5) When you get angry, does it make your partner afraid? 110 (15.5) Have you hit/pushed/shoved your partner in the past year? 86 (12.1) Do you think there are times when it’s OK to physically hurt your partner? 20 (2.8) Have you physically hurt your partner in the past year? 30 (4.2) Are you worried you might physically hurt your partner? 34 (4.8) Do you think your partner should have sex when he/she doesn’t want to? 119 (16.7) Have you made your partner have sex when he/she didn’t want to? 33 (4.6) Total disclosing any IPV perpetration 117 (16.4) Total disclosing both victimization and perpetration 77 (10.8) Total with any IPV 261 (36.7) - Table 3.
Prevalence Ratios of Mental Health Symptoms and Adverse Health Behaviors by IPV Status for All Men in Relationships Who Completed the IPV Questions on the Computer Survey (n = 712)
IPV Negative(n=451) Any IPV (n=261) Victim Only (n=144) Perpetrator Only (n=40) Victim and Perpetrator (n=77) Symptoms and Adverse Behaviors % PRa % PR (95% CI) % PR (95% CI) % PR (95% CI) % PR (95% CI) IPV = intimate partner violence; PR = prevalence ratio; PTSD = posttraumatic stress disorder. a Reference group. Depression 3.3 1.00 18.4 5.53 (3.16–9.67) 9.7 2.92 (1.45–5.91) 7.5 2.26 (0.68–7.46) 40.3 12.10 (6.87–21.34) PTSD 1.1 1.00 10.3 9.33 (3.64–23.93) 6.9 6.26 (2.18–18.03) 10.0 9.02 (2.52–32.26) 16.9 15.23 (5.59–41.51) Suicidality 0.7 1.00 9.2 13.82 (4.20–45.46) 3.5 5.22 (1.26–21.57) 2.5 5.22 (1.26–21.57) 23.4 35.14 (10.60–116.46) Illegal drugs 24.4 1.00 34.5 1.14 (1.12–1.79) 27.1 1.11 (0.82–1.52) 35.0 1.44 (0.91–2.26) 48.1 1.97 (1.48–2.62) Smoke cigarettes 49.7 1.00 62.5 1.26 (1.10–1.44) 64.6 1.30 (1.12–1.51) 55.0 1.11 (0.82–1.49) 62.3 1.26 (1.03–1.53) Ethanol use in excess 37.3 1.00 49.0 1.32 (1.11–1.56) 38.9 1.04 (0.82–1.32) 50.0 1.34 (0.96–1.87) 67.5 1.81 (1.49–2.21) - Table 4.
Rates of 911 Telephone Calls to Addresses of Male Study Participants 6 Months Before and After Screening
Possible Violence Total Telephone Calls Participants No. % No. % IPV=intimate partner violence. Note: Data available only for those living in police districts in the county. All participants (n = 531) 6 Months before 67 13 124 23 6 Months after 67 13 143 27 Participant not a victim of IPV (n=439) 6 Months before 54 12 99 23 6 Months after 62 14 125 29 All IPV victims (n = 92) 6 Months before 13 14 25 27 6 Months after 5 5 18 20 IPV victim did not participate in 1-week follow-up (n = 51) 6 Months before 7 14 13 25 6 Months after 3 6 10 20 IPV victim participated in 1-week follow-up (n = 41) 6 Months before 6 15 12 30 6 Months after 2 5 8 20 - Table 5.
Most Frequently Reported Use of Resources and Safety Measures Taken by Male Patients Who Screened Positive for IPV Victimization
Resources and Safety Measuresa 1-Week Follow-Up Report (n=80) No. (%) 3-Month Follow-Up Report (n=47) No. (%) IPV = intimate partner violence; WEB = Women’s Evidence of Battering Scale. Note: a positive finding for male IPV victimization was any positive response on the IPV victimization scale and either lack of perpetration disclosure or evidence of battering (WEB >20) on a sex-neutral version of the battering scale. a Results available only for men who returned to the emergency department for follow-up interviews at 1 week and/or 3 months after initial screening, counseling, and referral to resources. Used any of the resources 8 (10) 15 (32) Hotline 2 (2.5) 7 (15) IPV support groups 5 (11) IPV shelter 1 (1.3) 2 (4.3) Emergency housing 1 (1.3) Alcohol treatment 1 (1.3) 5 (11) Mental health counseling 2 (2.5) 8 (17) Read information 44 (55) 24 (51) Made a safety plan 13 (16) Hid money in case you need to leave 15 (19) Moved out 11 (14) 18 (38) Called IPV hotlines or referrals 10 (13) Changed or unlisted telephone number 9 (19)
Supplemental Appendix
Supplemental Appendix. Measurement and Validation of IPV Questions
Files in this Data Supplement:
- Supplmental data: Appendix - PDF file, 2 pages, 103 KB
The Article in Brief
Intimate Partner Violence and Comorbid Mental Health Conditions Among Urban Male Patients
Karin V. Rhodes , and colleagues
Background There has been a great deal of research about intimate partner violence (IPV) against women, but few studies have examined such violence against men. This article focuses on the relationship between mental health symptoms and IPV in men. In particular, it looked at men who visited an urban emergency department for nonacute conditions and were in an intimate relationship in the past year.
What This Study Found Thirty-seven percent of men in the study were victims of IPV, or perpetrated IPV, or both. The amount of IPV was associated with mental health symptoms, including symptoms of depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, suicidality, and substance abuse. Smoking, drinking, and use of street drugs were also higher in men involved with IPV.
Implications
- New methods of identifying IPV and classifying risk of violence need to account for the severity and frequency of occurrences, as well as other health and mental health conditions.
- At least some of the negative health effects associated with violence may be due to unhealthy behaviors, such as smoking, drinking, and drug use.
- Improving our understanding of the interactions between mental health and violence is important if we are to develop new methods of addressing these issues outside the criminal justice system.
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